tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53125823577232527432024-02-06T18:40:59.850-08:00TSC young boysbajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.comBlogger42125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-51806185473953400542011-11-07T05:23:00.000-08:002011-11-07T05:24:01.670-08:00Yongwie<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FpUEAUCb8P8/TZkx0tojuzI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/R8FQRDBuAhE/s1600/Yngwie+1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FpUEAUCb8P8/TZkx0tojuzI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/R8FQRDBuAhE/s320/Yngwie+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">DUNIA
memang pernah mengenal banyak gitaris hebat. Mulai dari mendiang Jimi
Hendrix, BB King, Johnny Winter, Ritchie Blackmore, (alm) Gary Moore,
Randy Rhoads, George Lynch, Joe Satriani, Jimmy Page, Angus Young, Eddie
Van Halen, dan banyak lagi. Namun, hanya satu yang sempat bikin heboh
dengan teknik dan kecepatan tangannya dalam menyayat dawai gitar.
Dialah Yngwie Malmsteen.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Ya,,,,di
era 1980-an, Yngwie memang sempat jadi fenomena di kalangan gitaris
rock/heavy meatl saat muncul dengan album debut Rising Force di tahun
1984. Kecepatan tangannya dalam melakukansweep, yang dipadukan dengan
nada-nada minor, serta teknik tinggi yang dipertontonkan gitaris asal
Swedia ini seperti menciptakan standar baru dalam hal kecepatan dan
teknik bergitar, terutama di jalur rock dan heavy metal. Padahal,
ketika itu, Yngwie baru berusia 21 tahun!. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BLvIQkd5ckk/TZkyOZoXi2I/AAAAAAAAAIU/M8X_H2rfXek/s1600/Yngwie+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BLvIQkd5ckk/TZkyOZoXi2I/AAAAAAAAAIU/M8X_H2rfXek/s1600/Yngwie+2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;">BIKIN GEMPAR - Inilah debut album Yngwie Malmsteen yang menggemparkan (foto: guitarholic)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Permainan
Yngwie yang kuat dengan sentuhan blues, rock, dan pengaruh klasik
kental ala maestro musik klasik, Niccolo Paganini dan JS Bach, yang
begitu memesona, dianggap merupakan sesuatu yang baru. Aliran heavy
metal yang diusung Yngwie ini kemudian dimasukkan dalam genre
“neo-classical metal”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Oleh
Majalah Guitar Player, album Rising Force, yang hanya memuat dua lagu
dengan vokal (”Now Your Ships are Burn”dan “As Above So Below”) dari
total delapan lagu, dianugerahi penghargaan sebagai Best Rock Album.
Album ini juga sempat masuk nominasi sebagai “Best Rock Instrumental”.
Sementara di kalangan metal head, ketika itu album Rising Force
dijadikan rujukan khusus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yngwie,
yang sebelumnya pernah bergabung dengan band Steeler dan Alcatrazz pun
mendapat julukan sebagai “Bapak Gitaris Shredder”. Memang, gitaris
Shredder alias gitaris yang sangat mengandalkan kecepatan di setiap solo
gitarnya, sebenarnya sempat melekat pada diri Eddy Van Halen, saat
memperkenalkan gaya “two handed tapping” di lagu instrumental “Eruption”
di album selftitled, Van Halen, di 1978.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Namun,
sulit disangkal, Yngwie-lah yang memodifikasi sekaligus mempopulerkan
teknik shredding ini. Hingga kemudian muncul nama-nama yang juga lekat
dengan sebutan pendekar gitaris shredder. Sebut saja Steve Vai, Jason
Becker, Marty Friedman, Paul Gilbert, Greg Howe , Ritchie Kotzen, hingga
duet gitaris Dragon Force yang pernah main di Indonesia, Herman Li dan
Sam Tontman.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Sementara
di Indonesia sendiri, ketika itu ada nama-nama seperti Eet Syahranie,
Tjahyo Wisanggeni, Ipung (Power Metal), Beng Beng (PAS), Lucky
(Andromedha), Baron (GIGI), atau Ezra Simanjuntak, yang belakangan
bangkit dengan Zi Factor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Dalam
sebuah wawancara, Yngwie sendiri mengaku gaya bermainnya memang sangat
dipengaruhi musik klasik, utamanya Bach dan Paganini. “Saya sudah
mengenal musik klasik sejak usia 5 tahun,” ujar Yngwie, yang lahir di
Stockholm, Swedia, 30 Juni 1963. “Ibu saya penggemar fanatik Bach. Dua
kakak saya bermain flute, piano, violin dan accordion. Mereka semua
memainkan musik klasik, sehingga saya tumbuh dengan iringan musik
klasik.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Sementara
akar rock dan blues, didapat Yngwie dari pengaruh Jimi Hendrix dan
Ritchie Blackmore, yang merupakan dua gitaris idolanya. Saya sendiri,
pertama kali mengenal Yngwie, saat masih duduk di kelas 1 SMA. Ketika
itu, seorang kawan meminjamkan album Eclipse (1990) yang mencuatkan hits
“Save Our Love”. Terus terang, saya langsung tergila-gila akan lagu
“Bedroom Eyes”. Di album ini, saya juga menyukai vokal Goran Edman,
yang, menurut saya agak mirip Joey Tempest, vokalis Europe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Dan,
seperti kebiasaan saya ketika itu, setelah menemukan “grup baru” saya
langsung mengulik album-album mereka sebelumnya, hingga saya menemukan
album Odissey (1988), yang kata orang merupakan album terbaik Yngwie.
Alhasil, meski bukan penggemar fanatik Yngwie, saya pun sempat memiliki
kaset album tersebut dari hasil uang tabungan jajan sekolah. Saya
sendiri setuju jika album Odissey disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu album
terbaik Yngwie, selain Rising Force, tentunya. Selain pilihan sound
gitar Yngwie, yang lebih ngerock, lagu-lagu serta melodi di album ini
juga lebih enak di telinga.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Tapi,
tentu, ciri khas Yngwie, dalam hal permainan cepat dan teknik tinggi,
sama sekali tak hilang. Dengar saja lagu“Déjà vu”, Riot in the Dungeons,
“Faster than the Speed of Light”, “Bite the Bullets”, atau lagu “Rising
Force” yang legendaris itu. Tak heran, secara komersial, album ini
termasuk yang paling laku di pasaran.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Yang
menarik, di album ini, juga adalah komposisi instrumental berjudul
“Krakatau” yang begitu dahsyat. Tapi, saya sendiri tak tahu, apakah
Krakatau yang dimaksud Yngwie ini, adalah gunung di Selat Sunda, yang
pernah meletus hebat pada 26-27 Agustus 1883. Yang jelas, dua tahun
setelah merilis album Odissey ini, Yngwie sempat menggelar tur di
Indonesia, di Jakarta, Solo, dan Surabaya.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HUcuR2XXvI0/TZky4dDkoeI/AAAAAAAAAIY/aq-6m1TAb4k/s1600/Yngwie+3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HUcuR2XXvI0/TZky4dDkoeI/AAAAAAAAAIY/aq-6m1TAb4k/s320/Yngwie+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;">G3 - Yngwie (paling kiri) beraksi dalam sebuah konser G3 <br />
bersama Steve Vai (tengah) dan Joe Satriani (foto:flickr)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Dan,
hingga merilis album terakhir,Relentless, November 2010 lalu, Yngwie
yang telah mengeluarkan lebih dari 30 album, tak juga lelah
mengeksplorasi keandalannya menyayat dawai gitar. Bahkan, di album ini,
Yngwie secara khusus membuat lagu“Arpeggios from Hell”, yang mengeksplor
kecepatan dan keahlian tangannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Di
luar album-album solonya, Yngwie juga sempat merilis album kolaborasi
dengan dua gitaris top lainnya: Joe Stariani dan Steve Vai. Album yang
dirilis tahun 2004 itu diberi judul “G3: Rockin’ in the Free World”. Di
album ini, selain memainkan empat lagu secara solo, Yngwie juga sempat
nge-jam bareng Satriani dan Vai di tiga lagu: “Voodo Child“ dan “Little
Wing“ milik Jimi Hendrix dan “Rockin’ in the Free World“ (Neil Young).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Tak Lupakan Balada</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Seperti
juga musisi hard rock dan heavy metal lainnya, Yngwie juga tak
melupakan lagu-lagu balada yang manis di setiap albumnya. Ketika itu, di
tahun 1980-1990-an, lagu-lagu balada memang jadi jualan yang ampuh
untuk diselipkan dalam album grup heavy metal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Maka
itu muncullah lagu “Now is the time” dan “Dreaming” di album Odissey,
I’m My Own Enemy (album Fire and Ice), Prisoner of Your Love (The Seven
Sight), dan lagu legendaris “Save Our Love” di album Eclipse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Tentu
memang, tak salah, Yngwie tetap menyelipkan lagu-lagu sweet di setiap
albumnya. Setidaknya, ini bisa menjadi intermezo bagi pendengar
musiknya, setelah telinga mereka lelah digeber dengan nomor-nomor cepat
dan raungan gitar Yngwie.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Gonta-ganti Vokalis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Seperti
gitaris solo lainnya, Yngwie yang kemudian membentuk band Yngwie J.
Malmsteen’s Rising Force, juga kerap bergonta-ganti vokalis. Jeff Scott
Soto menjadi vokalis pertama yang didapuk Yngwie untuk tampil di dua
album pertamanya, Rising Force dan Marching Out, sebelum digantikan Marc
Boals di album Trilogy (1986).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Pada
tahun 1987, Yngwie merekrut Joe Lynn Turner, yang pernah menjadi
vokalis grup legendaris Rainbow. Awalnya, banyak penggemar Yngwie yang
meragukan kapasitas Turner untuk bermain di nada-nada tinggi khas
lagu-lagu Yngwie.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Lewl8fC5zqM/TZkzhSeMm7I/AAAAAAAAAIc/C9NLGs1k6tM/s1600/Yngwie+4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Lewl8fC5zqM/TZkzhSeMm7I/AAAAAAAAAIc/C9NLGs1k6tM/s320/Yngwie+4.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;">WARNA TERSENDIRI - Joe Lynn Turner memberi warna tersendiri di musik Yngwie,<br />
terutama di album Odissey. (foto: bestmetalsongs)</span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Maklum,
dua vokalis terdahulu, Soto dan Boals, dikenal memiliki vokal
melengking dan garang. Vokal Boals bahkan konon mencapai empat oktaf!
Namun, Turner mampu membuktikan kemampuannya di album Odissey. Dengar
saja lengkingannya di lagu “Rising Force”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Di
sisi lain, dengan vokal khas rock-nya, Turner membuat lagu-lagu seperti
“Hold On” dan “Heaven Tonight”, serta“Dreaming” jadi familiar di
telinga pencinta heavy metal ketika itu. Imbasnya, lagu-lagu Yngwie pun
jadi semakin diterima. Namun Turner pun tak lama, lantaran digantikan
Goran Edman di album Eclipse (1990). Lalu masuk Michael Vescera di
album Seven Sight (1994).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Vescera
adalah rocker asal Amerika Serikat yang pernah menjulang bersama grup
metal asal Jepang, Loudness. Mereka pertama kali mencuat lewat album
Soldier of Fortunedi tahun 1989. Total, hingga sekarang, Yngwie telah
delapan kali berganti vokalis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Sebelum
bergabungnya, mantan vokalis Judas Priest, Tim “Ripper” Owens, sejak
album Perpetual Flame (2008), yang bertahan hingga sekarang, Yngwie juga
sempat mengajak Doogie White di album Attack (2002) dan Unleash the
Fury (2005). Soto dan Boals juga sempat kembali bergabung di album
Inspiration (1996) dan Alchemy (1999).</span>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-47629509955574650312011-10-15T11:20:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:20:16.434-07:00vitamin dan ko-enzim<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">Hewan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tingkat tinggi dan banyak mikroorganisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak mempunyai kemampuan, untuk mengadakan biositensis zat-zat tertentu yang perlu untuk metabolisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara normal. Molekul-molekul ini yang merupakan zat gizi organik, yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah kecil pada makanan manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sebagian besar hewan untuk pertumbuhan dan fungsinya yang baik, disebut vitamin, yang merupakan prekwensi esensial dari berbagai koenzim. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koenzim adalah suatu molekul organik yang merupakan kobaktor non protein dari enzim, yang dibutuhkan untuk fungsi katalitiknya. Kobaktor enzim walaupun jumlahnya kecil dalam sel tetapi sangat esensial bagi kerja beberapa enzim, dan oleh karena itu memegang peranan penting dalam metabolisme sel. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena vitamin dibutuhkan dalam jumlah kecil (mg atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g) dalam makanan per hari, maka vitamin disebut mikronutries. Istilah ini digunakan untuk membedakannya dari makronutrien seperti karbohidrat, protein dan lemak yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah ratusan atau sedikitnya lusinan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gram per hari. Pada saat ini terdapat 13 jenis vitamin yang dibutuhkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam diet manusia dan banyak spesies hewan, sebagai tambahan dari zat gizi yang besar (makronutrien). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin dibedakan atas dua kelas yaitu vitamin yang larut dalam air dan vitamin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang larut dalam lemak. Vitamin yang larut dalam air meliputi, tiamin (vitamin B1), riboblavin (vitamin B2),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam mikotinat, asam pantotenat, pisidokksin (vitamin B6), biotin, asam falat, vitamin B12 dan asam askaribat / vitamin C ). Hampir semua vitamin tersebut telah diketahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fungsi koenzimnya, sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vitamin-vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, sepeti vitamin A, D, E, dan K, yang merupakan senyawa berminyak yang tidak larut dalam air, tidak diketahui dengan jelas fungsi koenzimnya. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud dan Tujuan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maksud dan tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengertian dari vitamin dan jenis-jenis vitamin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengertian, sifat dan fungsi dari ko-enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Lingkup</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini membahas mengenai hubungan antara vitamin dan ko-enzim</span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VITAMIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vitamin adalah suatu zat senyawa kompleks yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh kita yang berfungsi untuk mambantu pengaturan atau proses kegiatan tubuh. Tanpa vitamin manusia, hewan dan makhluk hidup lainnya tidak akan dapat melakukan aktifitas hidup dan kekurangan vitamin dapat menyebabkan memperbesar peluang terkena penyakit pada tubuh kita.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">Struktur kimia dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vitamin yang larut dalam air sangat beraneka ragam, tetapi mereka mempunyai sifat molekul plar, sehingga larut dalam air. Semua vitamin yang larut dalam air, dapat disintesis oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan (kacang-kacangan, biji-bijian, sayuran berdaun hijau dan ragi) kecuali vitamin B12. vitamin B komplek dan vitamin C karena ke larutannya dalam air, tidal dapat disimpan lama dalam bentuk stabil, harus disediakan terus menerus dalam makanan, kecuali vitamin B12, pada hati manusia dapat disimpan untuk persediaan beberapa tahun. Semua vitamin yang larut dalam air, kecuali vitamin C, berfungsi sebagai koenzim atau kofaktor dalam reaksi enzimatik. <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">Secara garis besar, vitamin dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok besar, yaitu vitamin yang larut dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext;">air</span></a> dan vitamin yang larut dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext;">lemak</span></a>. Hanya terdapat 2 vitamin yang larut dalam air, yaitu B dan C, sedangkan vitamin lainnya, yaitu vitamin A, D, E, dan K bersifat larut dalam lemak<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span> Vitamin yang larut dalam lemak akan disimpan di dalam jaringan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adiposa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adiposa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext;">adiposa</span></a> (lemak) dan di dalam hati. Vitamin ini kemudian akan dikeluarkan dan diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh saat dibutuhkan. Beberapa jenis vitamin hanya dapat disimpan beberapa hari saja di dalam tubuh, sedangkan jenis vitamin lain dapat bertahan hingga 6 bulan lamanya di dalam tubuh. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-indent: .5in;">Berbeda dengan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, jenis vitamin larut dalam air hanya dapat disimpan dalam jumlah sedikit dan biasanya akan segera hilang bersama aliran makanan. Saat suatu bahan pangan dicerna oleh tubuh, vitamin yang terlepas akan masuk ke dalam aliran darah dan beredar ke seluruh bagian tubuh. Apabila tidak dibutuhkan, vitamin ini akan segera dibuang tubuh bersama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin" title="Urin"><span style="color: windowtext;">urin</span></a><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oleh karena hal inilah, tubuh membutuhkan asupan vitamin larut air secara terus-menerus.</div><h3 style="margin-left: 56.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin A</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin A</span></a>, yang juga dikenal dengan nama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">retinol</span></a>, merupakan vitamin yang berperan dalam pembentukkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indra_penglihatan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Indra penglihatan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">indra penglihatan</span></a> yang baik, terutama di malam hari, dan sebagai salah satu komponen penyusun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmen" title="Pigmen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pigmen</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mata</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina" title="Retina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">retina</span></a>. Selain itu, vitamin ini juga berperan penting dalam menjaga kesehatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kulit</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Imun (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">imunitas</span></a> tubuh. Vitamin ini bersifat mudah rusak oleh paparan panas, cahaya matahari, dan udara. Sumber makanan yang banyak mengandung vitamin A, antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">susu</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikan</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur" title="Sayur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sayur</span></a>-sayuran (terutama yang berwarna hijau dan kuning), dan juga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" title="Buah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buah</span></a>-buahan (terutama yang berwarna merah dan kuning, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabai_merah" title="Cabai merah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cabai merah</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortel" title="Wortel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wortel</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pisang</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepaya" title="Pepaya"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pepaya</span></a>).<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">Secara umum, golongan vitamin B berperan penting dalam metabolisme di dalam tubuh, terutama dalam hal pelepasan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: windowtext;">energi</span></a> saat beraktivitas. Hal ini terkait dengan peranannya di dalam tubuh, yaitu sebagai senyawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koenzim&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koenzim (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext;">koenzim</span></a> yang dapat meningkatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_reaksi" title="Laju reaksi"><span style="color: windowtext;">laju reaksi</span></a> metabolisme tubuh terhadap berbagai jenis sumber energi. Beberapa jenis vitamin yang tergolong dalam kelompok vitamin B ini juga berperan dalam pembentukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah"><span style="color: windowtext;">sel darah merah</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrosit" title="Eritrosit"><span style="color: windowtext;">eritrosit</span></a>). Sumber utama vitamin B berasal dari susu, gandum, ikan, dan sayur-sayuran hijau.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B1</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B1" title="Vitamin B1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B1</span></a>, yang dikenal juga dengan nama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamin" title="Tiamin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tiamin</span></a>, merupakan salah satu jenis vitamin yang memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga kesehatan kulit dan membantu mengkonversi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a> menjadi energi yang diperlukan tubuh untuk rutinitas sehari-hari. Di samping itu, vitamin B1 juga membantu proses metabolisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a>. Bila terjadi defisiensi vitamin B1, kulit akan mengalami berbagai gangguan, seperti kulit kering dan bersisik.Tubuh juga dapat mengalami <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri-beri" title="Beri-beri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">beri-beri</span></a>, gangguan saluran pencernaan, jantung, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saraf</span></a>. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut, kita perlu banyak mengonsumsi banyak <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gandum</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi" title="Nasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nasi</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging" title="Daging"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">daging</span></a>, susu, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telur" title="Telur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">telur</span></a>, dan tanaman <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang" title="Kacang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kacang</span></a>-kacangan. Bahan makanan inilah yang telah terbukti banyak mengandung vitamin B1.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B2</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B2" title="Vitamin B2"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B2</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">riboflavin</span></a>) banyak berperan penting dalam metabolisme di tubuh manusia. Di dalam tubuh, vitamin B2 berperan sebagai salah satu kompenen <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koenzim&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Koenzim (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">koenzim</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavin_mononukleotida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Flavin mononukleotida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flavin mononukleotida</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavin_mononucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Flavin mononucleotide (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flavin mononucleotide</span></a>, FMN) dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavin_adenine_dinukleotida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Flavin adenine dinukleotida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flavin adenine dinukleotida</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenine_dinucleotide&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adenine dinucleotide (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adenine dinucleotide</span></a>, FAD). Kedua enzim ini berperan penting dalam regenerasi energi bagi tubuh melalui proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasi" title="Respirasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">respirasi</span></a>. Vitamin ini juga berperan dalam pembentukan molekul <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">steroid</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_darah_merah" title="Sel darah merah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel darah merah</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">glikogen</span></a>, serta menyokong pertumbuhan berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_tubuh" title="Organ tubuh"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organ tubuh</span></a>, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kulit</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambut" title="Rambut"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rambut</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku" title="Kuku"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kuku</span></a>. Sumber vitamin B2 banyak ditemukan pada sayur-sayuran segar, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_kedelai" title="Kacang kedelai"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kacang kedelai</span></a>, kuning telur, dan susu. Defisiensinya dapat menyebabkan menurunnya daya tahan tubuh, kulit kering bersisik, mulut kering, bibir pecah-pecah, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariawan" title="Sariawan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sariawan</span></a>.</div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B3</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B3</span></a> juga dikenal dengan istilah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niasin" title="Niasin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">niasin</span></a>. Vitamin ini berperan penting dalam metabolisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a> untuk menghasilkan energi, metabolisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a>. Di dalam tubuh, vitamin B3 memiliki peranan besar dalam menjaga kadar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula_darah" title="Gula darah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gula darah</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_darah_tinggi" title="Tekanan darah tinggi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tekanan darah tinggi</span></a>, penyembuhan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migrain&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Migrain (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">migrain</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vertigo</span></a>. Berbagai jenis senyawa racun dapat dinetralisir dengan bantuan vitamin ini. Vitamin B3 termasuk salah satu jenis vitamin yang banyak ditemukan pada makanan hewani, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ragi</span></a>, hati, ginjal, daging unggas, dan ikan. Akan tetapi, terdapat beberapa sumber pangan lainnya yang juga mengandung vitamin ini dalam kadar tinggi, antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum" title="Gandum"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gandum</span></a> dan kentang manis. Kekurangan vitamin ini dapat menyebabkan tubuh mengalami kekejangan, keram otot, gangguan sistem pencernaan, muntah-muntah, dan mual.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B5</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B5" title="Vitamin B5"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B5</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pantotenat" title="Asam pantotenat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam pantotenat</span></a>) banyak terlibat dalam reaksi enzimatik di dalam tubuh. Hal ini menyebabkan vitamin B5 berperan besar dalam berbagai jenis metabolisme, seperti dalam reaksi pemecahan nutrisi makanan, terutama lemak. Peranan lain vitamin ini adalah menjaga komunikasi yang baik antara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_saraf_pusat" title="Sistem saraf pusat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem saraf pusat</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">otak</span></a> dan memproduksi senyawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam lemak</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sterol (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sterol</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmiter" title="Neurotransmiter"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">neurotransmiter</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hormon</span></a> tubuh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vitamin B5 dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai jenis variasi makanan hewani, mulai dari daging, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">susu</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ginjal</span></a>, dan hati hingga makanan nabati, seperti sayuran hijau dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_hijau" title="Kacang hijau"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kacang hijau</span></a>. Seperti halnya vitamin B1 dan B2, defisiensi vitamin B5 dapat menyebabkan kulit pecah-pecah dan bersisik. Selain itu, gangguan lain yang akan diderita adalah keram otot serta kesulitan untuk tidur.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B6</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B6</span></a>, atau dikenal juga dengan istilah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piridoksin" title="Piridoksin"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">piridoksin</span></a>, merupakan vitamin yang esensial bagi pertumbuhan tubuh. Vitamin ini berperan sebagai salah satu senyawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenzim_A" title="Koenzim A"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">koenzim A</span></a> yang digunakan tubuh untuk menghasilkan energi melalui jalur sintesis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam lemak</span></a>, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spingolipid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Spingolipid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">spingolipid</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fosfolipid</span></a>. Selain itu, vitamin ini juga berperan dalam metabolisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nutrisi</span></a> dan memproduksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodi" title="Antibodi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antibodi</span></a> sebagai mekanisme pertahanan tubuh terhadap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antigen</span></a> atau senyawa asing yang berbahaya bagi tubuh. Vitamin ini merupakan salah satu jenis vitamin yang mudah didapatkan karena vitamin ini banyak terdapat di dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beras" title="Beras"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">beras</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" title="Jagung"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jagung</span></a>, kacang-kacangan, daging, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikan</span></a>. Kekurangan vitamin dalam jumlah banyak dapat menyebabkan kulit pecah-pecah, keram otot, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">insomnia</span></a>.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin B12</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin B12</span></a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sianokobalamin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sianokobalamin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sianokobalamin</span></a> merupakan jenis vitamin yang hanya khusus diproduksi oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hewan</span></a> dan tidak ditemukan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanaman</span></a>. Oleh karena itu, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian" title="Vegetarian"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vegetarian</span></a> sering kali mengalami gangguan kesehatan tubuh akibat kekurangan vitamin ini. Vitamin ini banyak berperan dalam metabolisme <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">energi</span></a> di dalam tubuh. Vitamin B12 juga termasuk dalam salah satu jenis vitamin yang berperan dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan sel <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saraf</span></a>, pembentukkan molekul <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DNA</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RNA</span></a>, pembentukkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platelet_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Platelet darah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">platelet darah</span></a>.Telur, hati, dan daging merupakan sumber makanan yang baik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan vitamin B12. Kekurangan vitamin ini akan menyebabkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anemia</span></a> (kekurangan darah), mudah lelah lesu, dan iritasi kulit.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin C</span></h3><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin C</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_askorbat" title="Asam askorbat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam askorbat</span></a>) banyak memberikan manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh kita. Di dalam tubuh, vitamin C juga berperan sebagai senyawa pembentuk kolagen yang merupakan protein penting penyusun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jaringan</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kulit</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendi" title="Sendi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sendi</span></a>, tulang, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_penyokong&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jaringan penyokong (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jaringan penyokong</span></a> lainnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vitamin C merupakan senyawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antioksidan</span></a> alami yang dapat menangkal berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">radikal bebas</span></a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi" title="Polusi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">polusi</span></a> di sekitar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lingkungan</span></a> kita. Terkait dengan sifatnya yang mampu menangkal radikal bebas, vitamin C dapat membantu menurunkan laju <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mutasi</span></a> dalam tubuh sehingga risiko timbulnya berbagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_degenaratif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penyakit degenaratif (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyakit degenaratif</span></a>, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kanker</span></a>, dapat diturunkan. Selain itu, vitamin C berperan dalam menjaga bentuk dan struktur dari berbagai jaringan di dalam tubuh, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otot" title="Otot"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">otot</span></a>. Vitamin ini juga berperan dalam penutupan luka saat terjadi pendarahan dan memberikan perlindungan lebih dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infeksi</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroorganisme</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">patogen</span></a>. Melalui mekanisme inilah vitamin C berperan dalam menjaga kebugaran tubuh dan membantu mencegah berbagai jenis penyakit. Defisiensi vitamin C juga dapat menyebabkan gusi berdarah dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeri" title="Nyeri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nyeri</span></a> pada per<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendi" title="Sendi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sendian</span></a>. Akumulasi vitamin C yang berlebihan di dalam tubuh dapat menyebabkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_ginjal" title="Batu ginjal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batu ginjal</span></a>, gangguan saluran pencernaan, dan rusaknya sel darah merah.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin D</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin D</span></a> juga merupakan salah satu jenis vitamin yang banyak ditemukan pada makanan hewani, antara lain ikan, telur, susu, serta produk olahannya, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keju" title="Keju"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keju</span></a>. Bagian tubuh yang paling banyak dipengaruhi oleh vitamin ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tulang</span></a>. Vitamin D ini dapat membantu metabolisme kalsium dan mineralisasi tulang. Sel kulit akan segera memproduksi vitamin D saat terkena cahaya matahari (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_ultraviolet" title="Sinar ultraviolet"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sinar ultraviolet</span></a>). Bila kadar vitamin D rendah maka tubuh akan mengalami pertumbuhan kaki yang tidak normal, dimana betis kaki akan membentuk huruf O dan X.<sup><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></sup>Di samping itu, gigi akan mudah mengalami kerusakan dan otot pun akan mengalami kekejangan. Penyakit lainnya adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osteomalasia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Osteomalasia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">osteomalasia</span></a>, yaitu hilangnya unsur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kalsium</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fosfor</span></a> secara berlebihan di dalam tulang. Penyakit ini biasanya ditemukan pada remaja, sedangkan pada manula, penyakit yang dapat ditimbulkan adalah osteoporosis, yaitu kerapuhan tulang akibatnya berkurangnya kepadatan tulang. Kelebihan vitamin D dapat menyebabkan tubuh mengalami <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diare" title="Diare"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">diare</span></a>, berkurangnya berat badan, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muntah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Muntah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">muntah</span></a>-muntah, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehidrasi" title="Dehidrasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dehidrasi</span></a> berlebihan.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin E</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin E</span></a> berperan dalam <span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>menjaga kesehatan berbagai jaringan di dalam tubuh, mulai dari jaringan kulit, mata, sel darah merah hingga hati. Selain itu, vitamin ini juga dapat melindungi paru-paru manusia dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi" title="Polusi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">polusi</span></a> udara. Nilai kesehatan ini terkait dengan kerja vitamin E di dalam tubuh sebagai senyawa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioksidan" title="Antioksidan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">antioksidan</span></a> alami. Vitamin E banyak ditemukan pada ikan, ayam, kuning telur, ragi, dan minyak tumbuh-tumbuhan. Walaupun hanya dibutuhkan dalam jumlah sedikit, kekurangan vitamin E dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan yang fatal bagi tubuh, antara lain ke<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandul" title="Mandul"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mandulan</span></a> baik bagi pria maupun wanita. Selain itu, saraf dan otot akan mengalami gangguan yang berkepanjangan.<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><h3 style="margin-left: 20.7pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="mw-headline">Vitamin K</span></h3><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin K</span></a> banyak berperan dalam pembentukan sistem peredaran darah yang baik dan penutupan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka" title="Luka"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">luka</span></a>. Defisiensi vitamin ini akan berakibat pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendarahan" title="Pendarahan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pendarahan</span></a> di dalam tubuh dan kesulitan pembekuan darah saat terjadi luka atau pendarahan. Selain itu, vitamin K juga berperan sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kofaktor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kofaktor</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim</span></a> untuk mengkatalis reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karboksilasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karboksilasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karboksilasi</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam amino</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_glutamat" title="Asam glutamat"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam glutamat</span></a>. Oleh karena itu, kita perlu banyak mengonsumsi susu, kuning telur, dan sayuran segar yang merupakan sumber vitamin K yang baik bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan di dalam tubuh.</div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KO-ENZIM</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim merupakan senyawa organik bermolekul besar yang berfungsi untuk mempercepat jalannya reaksi metabolisme di dalam tubuh tumbuhan tanpa mempengaruhi keseimbangan reaksi. Enzim tidak ikut bereaksi, struktur enzim tidak berubah baik sebelum dan sesudah reaksi tetap. Enzim melakukan tugasnya sendiri -sendiri dan tidak dapat saling menggantikan, enzim yang bertugas memperbaiki hal-hal yang rusak dalam tubuh misalnya enzim emilase berfungsi sebagai pengurai karbohidrat. Privase berfungsi sebagai pengurai protein, lipase berfungsi sebagai pengurai lemak, cellulosa berfungsi menguraikan serat makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dikeluarkan dari dalam sel disebut Ekso-enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim yang tetap tersimpan dalam sel disebut Endo-enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim dalam melaksanakan fungsinya sering butuh Ko-faktor.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ko-faktor berikatan dengan enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ko-faktor dengan enzim yang bersifat tidak tetap disebut gugus prostetik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan ko-faktor dengan enzim yang bersifat tetap disebut Ko-enzim</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 71.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ENZIM tersusun atas dua komponen yaitu bagian yang termolabil disebut apo-enzim dan bagian yang aktif disebut prostetik/ko-enzim</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ko-enzim identik dengan vitamin. Sebagai Ko-faktor ada unsur yang dapat diperoleh/disusun dari dalam tubuh, tetapi tak sedikit yang tidak dapat disusun tubuh hewan/manusia sehingga perlu memasukkan dari luar berupa vitamin.</span></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 114.65pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: .4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NO</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KO-ENZIM</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VITAMIN</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FUNGSI</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nikotinamida Adenin Dinukleotida (NAD)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Nikotinat (NIASIN)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redoks</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nikotinamida Adenin Dinukleotida Phosphat (NADP)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Nikotinat (NIASIN)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redoks</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flavin Adenin Dinukleotida (FAD)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riboflavin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redoks</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flavin Mononukleotida (FMN)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Riboflavin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redoks</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiamin Pirofosfat (TPP)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiamin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksidatif dekarboksilasi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piridoksal fosfat </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piridoksin (vit.B6)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transaminasi dan rasemase</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koenzim A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Pantotenat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transfer gugus asil</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biotin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">biotin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transfer CO2</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.0pt;" valign="top" width="29"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 196.85pt;" valign="top" width="262"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koenzim B12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.15pt;" valign="top" width="154"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kobalamin (vit.B12)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 114.7pt; mso-element-top: .4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transfer gugus fungsional</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat kinetik enzim :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim berfungsi sebagai katalisator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim itu suatu protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim itu spesifik (khusus)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim suatu koloid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim dapat bekerja bolak-balik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim jumlahnya tidak perlu banyak (cukup)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim tidak tahan panas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim bekerja baik pada pH tertentu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; 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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kinetika reaksi enzim berbeda dengan katalisator buatan manusia. Fungsi khusus enzim <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan energi aktivasi: suatu zat A oleh fungsi enzim akan berubah menjadi zat B jika zat A mendapatkan energi yang cukup sehingga berada dalam keadaan aktif yang akhirnya dapat berubah menjadi zat B</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempercepat reaksi pada suhu dan tekanan yang optimal TANPA mengubah besarnya tetapan keseimbangannya: kecepatan reaksi enzim diukur dari jumlah substrat yang dapat diubah dalam waktu tertentu. Penghitungan kecepatan reaksi enzim digunakan tetapan MICHAELIS-MENTEN. Kecepatan reaksi enzim dipengaruhi oleh (1) pH, (2) suhu, (3) konsentrasi enzim maupun substrat, dan (4) adanya inhibitor/PENGHAMBAT. INHIBITOR ada 2 macam yaitu : inhibitor kompetitif dan inhibitor nonkompetitif. Contoh inhibitor adalah Racun Cyanida dan Sulfida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengendalikan reaksi : tanpa enzim tidak ada reaksi biokimia lebih lanjut</span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin adalah suatu zat senyawa kompleks yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh kita yang berfungsi untuk mambantu pengaturan atau proses kegiatan tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin memiliki peranan spesifik di dalam tubuh dan dapat pula memberikan manfaat kesehatan. Bila kadar senyawa ini tidak mencukupi, tubuh dapat mengalami suatu penyakit.Tubuh hanya memerlukan vitamin dalam jumlah sedikit, tetapi jika kebutuhan ini diabaikan maka </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metabolisme</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> di dalam tubuh kita akan terganggu karena fungsinya tidak dapat digantikan oleh senyawa lain. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koenzim adalah suatu molekul organik yang merupakan kobaktor non protein dari enzim, yang dibutuhkan untuk fungsi katalitiknya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ko-enzim identik dengan vitamin. Sebagai Ko-faktor ada unsur yang dapat diperoleh/disusun dari dalam tubuh, tetapi tak sedikit yang tidak dapat disusun tubuh hewan/manusia sehingga perlu memasukkan dari luar berupa vitamin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-57820843733290432222011-10-15T11:19:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:19:26.502-07:00uji neurofarmakologik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">UJI NEUROFARMAKOLOGIK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PADA HEWAN MENCIT DAN TIKUS PUTIH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Senyawa obat dapat dibuat dengan sintesa atau dapat diperoleh dari ekstraksi tanaman. Setelah diperoleh maka senyawa obat tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan diuji aktivitas farmakologinya. Bilamana obat tersebut belum diketahui aktivitas farmakologinya maka akan dimulai dengan uji neurologik lebih dahulu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Uji neurofarmakologik adalah bagian dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">blind screening, </i>yaitu suatu uji farmakologi untuk melihat efek farmakologi senyawa obat baru. Uji neurofarmakologik ini merupakan uji yang relative murah karena hanya menggunakan sejumlah hewan kecil yaitu menvit atau tikus putih. alatnya cukup menggunakan papan datar bulat (platform) yang tingginya 30 cm dari dasar. Dalam zaman elektronik ini telah dibuat alat – alat pengamatan uji neurofarmakologik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENGAMATAN UMUM</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam uji neurofarmakologik yang perlu dicatat spesies jenis kelamin. Berat badan maupun umur hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROFIL TINGKAH LAKU</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KESADARAN (AWARENES)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kewaspadaan (alertness) dapat diamati dengan menyentuh mencit tersebut dengan suatu benda misalnya potlot atau ballpoint maka mencit yang normal akan menghindar dan mencit yang mendapat obat depresan kurang reaktif.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Visual placing yaitu mengukur respon mencit bila diletakkan dalam berbagai posisi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seteritypy yaitu gerakan mencit normal yang berulang seperti gerakan menyelidiki.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Passitivity yaitu mengukur respon mencit bila diletakkan posisi mencit yang tidak biasa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KEADAAN JIWA (MOOD)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mencit yang normal akan mengusap-usap mukanya dengan kaki depannya, keadaan ini disebut grooming. Grooming berlebihan menunjukkan adanya stimulasi sentral (SSP) atau stimulasi simpatik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mencit yang normal tidak bersuara, jika bersuara keras (vocalization) menunjukkan adanya stimulus yang menyakitkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Restlessness atau kegelisahan tidak terdapat pada mencit normal. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AKTIVITAS MOTORIK</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yang termasuk aktivitas motorik yaitu spontaneous activity, reactivity, touch response, dan pain response.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROFIL NEOROLOGIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">EKSITASI SENTRAL</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stimulasi SSP ini ditunjukkan dengan startle response, straub response, tramor dan convulsions</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">INKOORDINASI MOTORIK</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Body position dan limb position. Posisi tubuh serta posisi tungkai lengan yang berbeda dengan normal menunjukkan adanya hambatan noeuromoscular atau gangguan SSP.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MUSCLE TONE</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ada beberapa uji untuk muscle tone atau kekuatan otot limb tone, grip strength, body tone, dan abdominal tone</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">REFLEKS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reflek pinna yaitu reflek yang timbul jika pusat daun telinga mencit disentuuh dengan benda halus seperti rambut, mencit normal akan berusaha menghindar, skor normal empat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reflek corneal yaitu bila kornea mata disentuh dengan rambut, mencit normal akan menghindar dengan memejamkan mata dari skor normal empat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reflek ipsilateral flexor yaitu bila jari kaki di jepit dengan pingset, maka mencit normal akan menarik kakinya dan berusaha lari. Bila reflek tidak normal menunjukkan adanya pengaruh penghambatan terhadap saraf sensoris, sinapsis spiral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROFIL OTONOMIK</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Profil otonomik yaitu profil farmakologik yang berkaitan dengan system saraf otonom, yang meliputi :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TANDA – TANDA OPTIK</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ukuran pupil dibandingkan antara sebelum dan sesudah diberi obat. Pelebaran pupil menandakan bahwa hewan terpengaruh obat parasimpatolik atau simpatitik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Palpebral opening bila lebar menunjukkan adanya aktivitas simpatomimetik dan bila sempit menunjukkan adanya ataratik atau sedative. Eksoptalamus yaitu bola mata keluar menunjukka adanya stimulasi simpatis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TANDA – TANDA SEKRETORI</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Urinasi menunjukkan adanya aktivittas muskarinik atau iritasi saluran kemih. Salvias menunjukkan adanya aktifitas muskarinik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TANDA – TANDA UMUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Writhing atau menggeliat menunjukkan adanya iritasi jaringan atau stimulasi reseptor sensoris. Piloerection atau bulu mencit berdiri menunjukkan adanya kompensasi temperature yang rendah (kedinginan) atau aktifitas simpatometik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Skin colour atau warna kulit khususnya daun telinga, bila berubah dari merah muda (pink) menjadi merah maka menunjukkan adanya vasodilatasi akibat pengaruh simpatolitik. Warna putih menunjukkan vasikontriksi karena pengaruh simpatomimetik. Heart rate yaitu detak jantung dapat dipercepat oleh aktivitas parasimpatomimetik dan dapat pula diperlambat oleh depresan pernafasan atau SSP, khususnya pada dosis tinggi.</span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-20348619042352500882011-10-15T11:18:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:18:44.985-07:00sel dan molekul<div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS BIOLOGI SEL DAN MOLEKUL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SIKLUS KREBS</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="227" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama : BAJIL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas : L.1</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Stambuk : 150 2010 063</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKASSAR </span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2011</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SIKLUS KREBS </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Definisi Siklus Krebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adalah satu seri reaksi yang terjadi di dalam mitokondria yang membawa katabolisme residu asetyl, membebaskan ekuivalen hidrogen, yang dengan oksidasi menyebabkan pelepasan dan penangkapan ATP sebagai kebutuhan energi jaringan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Residu asetyl dalam bentuk asetyl-KoA (CH3-CO-S-CoA, asetat aktif)</span></li>
</ul><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan Siklus Krebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menjelaskan reaksi-reaksi metabolik akhir yang umum terdapat pada jalur biokimia utama katabolisme tenaga </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menggambarkan bahwa CO2 tidak hanya merupakan hasil akhir metabolisme, namun dapat berperan sebagai zat antara, misalnya untuk proses lipogenesis.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengenali peran sentral mitokondria pada katalisis dan pengendalian jalur-jalur metabolik tertentu</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, mitokondria berfungsi sebagai penghasil energi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menghasilkan sebagian besar CO</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Metabolisme lain yang menghasilkan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">CO</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> misalnya jalur pentosa phospat atau P3 (pentosa phospat pathway) atau kalau di harper heksosa monofosfat.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sumber enzym-enzym tereduksi yang mendorong RR ( R</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">antai Respirasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merupakan alat agar tenaga yang berlebihan dapat digunakan untuk sintesis lemak sebelum pembentukan TG untuk penimbunan lemak </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyediakan prekursor-prekursor penting untuk sub-sub unit yang diperlukan dalam sintesis berbagai molekul </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyediakan mekanisme pengendalian langsung atau tidak langsung untuk lain-lain sistem enzym </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daur Siklus Krebs</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karbohidrat , Protein dan Lemak /Lipid akan dimetabolisme yang hasil akhirnya menjadi asetyl Co-A, dimana asetyl Co-A merupakan substrat untuk siklus krebs. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kemudian dari siklus krebs dihasilkan CO<sub>2</sub>, Hidrogen (FAD NAD) dan ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hidrogen (reducing ekivalen) merupakan substrat untuk rantai respirasi (RR).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siklus krebs harus berjalan dalam<b>Siklus Asam Sitrat (Siklus Krebs)</b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNQb3NM-oaX1RkTxFPv9h-sRPsHuZS71cenurFj88215mBBIBpOHwYlbxjipoXhig2B4-nWNEuCYNInoH7696MIVekn-OXwlHFVHkObD3lHBkMtXD2NpR3YqydTKHt0LASjYCsGFDEtqg/s1600/siklus+krebs.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: siklus+krebs" border="0" height="367" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keterangan:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Substrat siklus krebs adalah asetyl Co-A.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asetyl Co-A akan bereaksi dengan oksalo asetat (OAA) hasilnya sitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam sitrat rumusnya beda dengan asam askorbat (vitamin C), kalau vitamin C itu rumusnya lebih mirip glukosa. Manusia tidak bisa menghasilkan vitamin C karena ada suatu reaksi yang terputus dimana manusia itu tidak mempunyai enzim L-glunoluase oksidase yang mengoksidasi glukosa menjadi vitamin C. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari isositrat ke QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> alfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-ketoglutarat membebaskan CO<sub>2</sub> dan NADH (koenzim).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalau menghasilkan NADH pasti membutuhkan NAD.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NAD dalam bentuk teroksidasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH dalam bentuk tereduksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NAD merupakan derivat vitamin B<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>1</sub> thiamin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>2</sub> riboflavin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>3 </sub> niasin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Koenzim yang terkait dengan ATP hanya vitamin B<sub>2</sub> dan B<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan vitamin B akan mengganggu metabolisme energi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH enzimnya isositrat dehidrogenase. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH akan masuk ke rantai respirasi melepaskan hidrogen dan menghasilkan 3 ATP. Sedangkan FADH menghasilkan 2 ATP</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dekarboksilasi oksidasi melepaskan CO<sub>2</sub>. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> alfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-keto menjadi suksinil Co-A prosesnya dekarboksilasi oksidasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari succynyl Co-A menjadi succinate langsung dihasilkan ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi yang menghasilkan ATP langsung: siklus krebs, glikolisis, fosforilasi oksidatif, dan rantai respirasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lemak penghasil ATP paling banyak tapi tidak menghasilkan ATP secara langsung. Lemak banyak menghasilkan NADH dan FADH. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari succinate menjadi fumarate dihasilkan FADH<sub>2</sub>, membutuhkan koenzim FAD (derivat vitamin B<sub>2</sub>), dihasilkan 2 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari malate ke oxaloacetat dihasilkan NADH 3 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Total ATP untuk 1 putaran (1 asetyl Co-A) siklus krebs 12 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Glikolisis 2 asetyl Co-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lemak 8 asetyl Co.A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 mol glukosa 2 kali putaran</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 mol lemak 8 kali putaran</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karbohidrat disimpan di dalam becak-bercak sitoplasma di dalam hepar.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hepar dapat bertahan menyimpan glikogen 0,5 gram</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berfungsi mengoksidasi hasil glikolisis mjd CO<sub>2</sub> dan juga menyimpan energi ke bentuk molekul berenergi tinggi spt ATP, NADH, FADH<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sentral dalam siklus oksidatif dlm respirasi à dimana semua makromolekul dikatabolis (Karbohidrat, Lipid dan Protein)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk kelangsungannya membutuhkan : NAD, FAD, ADP, Pyr (piruvat) dan OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menghasilkan senyawa intermedier yg penting à asetil Co A, a KG & OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam amino yang dihasilkan dari alfa-ketoglutarat melalui proses transamnasi à glutamat. Kalau asam oksaloasetat à aspartat</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merupakan prekursor untuk biosintesis makromolekul – makromolekul</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siklus krebs selain sebagai jalur akhir karbohidrat , lemak dan protein, juga merupakan jalur awal ari makromolekul-makromolekul. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur akhir à katabolisme à mengubah KH à asetyl Co.A</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur awal à anabolisme</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berfungsi dalam katabolisme dan juga anabolisme à amfibolik </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Katabolisme à memproduksi molekul berenergi tinggi </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Anabolisme à memproduksi intermedier untuk prekursor biosintesis makromolekul </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jadi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam setiap siklus:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 gugus asetil ( molekul 2C) masuk dan keluar sebagai 2 molekul CO<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam setiap siklus : OAA digunakan untuk membentuk sitrat setelah mengalami reaksi yang panjang kembali diperoleh OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terdiri dari 8 reaksi : 4 mrpkn oksidasi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> dimana energi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> digunakan utk mereduksi NAD dan FAD</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dihasilkan: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak diperlukan O<sub>2 </sub>pada TCA, tetapi digunakan pada Fosforilasi oksidatif untuk memberi pasokan NAD, shg piruvat dapat di ubah menjadi Asetil Co A </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Glikolisis vs SIKLUS KREBS( TCA ) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.1pt; width: 488px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-right: solid #272776 1.0pt; border: solid #272776 2.25pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -41.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">GLIKOLISIS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 181.4pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -41.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SIKLUS KREBS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 39.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.85pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi berjalan linier</span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lokasi di sitoplasma </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 39.85pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 181.4pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi siklis </span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">letak di matriks mitokondria </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PROSES KIMIAWI PENGIKATAN ASETIL CoA OLEH OKSALO ASETAT MENJADI SITRAT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZv33a2cfx1l3jVXcOZJRlwjsL4XAZnAGH5dIyzsZb5IQRileByuo_ABPZQ7FWcNw3tXAMRYV7b4mpzJD9HLS3BqMnRPc92Ph-NSHib8WF3A7Sr6TdfzoQMeG3dOlLAjUgUW207R102Og1/s1600/SIKLUS+OA+KE+SITRAT.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: SIKLUS+OA+KE+SITRAT" border="0" height="354" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="396" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BERIKUT RUMUS BANGUN SENYAWA YANG TERLIBAT DALAM SIKLUS KREBS </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXl6ZN6N4tXC3EcPe2SYqRjCQPmdqJ8pQjHIDpckifcvjRajvSjOvu-5wfVb9Uxs_h-k0TxX2SoHnp6xyujr4kBusVT1IoBIIX1NBlu3V8QLz4IhEzTlJ-0sNN0z6QLPiXp0HguggFNHCw/s1600/RUMUS+BANGUN.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: RUMUS+BANGUN" border="0" height="130" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvE4tz0rSiZN8xosAzEblYi7mN1dUdTqjEhNLvr-urpEXElPv129u5NJLZk4XCvKWJ44qvJVND6Qc6P9N2qeWFLIQHb8eIql1cKA-kpE83Rsa5en_7FsqIuu6F_PJVGSTrGo8KxY_yE6V3/s1600/rumus+kimia+isositrat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: rumus+kimia+isositrat" border="0" height="127" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxZ1mBA5d8oYh7PkZ_-XVe-o6hLSn4uM1GE4RoWw_mjaEtoy09uCNmamBkR2NSxH51Y8bkdOqxIMRnStiphr7rR0qP5C1duXnP5C91J3sZ2j0qRv7M3_yehPKE0i8scKiPoRBMDxXl5QzZ/s1600/rumus+fumarat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: rumus+fumarat" border="0" height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">En</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im tersedia dalam mitokondria</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ada dua macam en</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">memerlukan NAD</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">memerlukan NADP</span></li>
</ol><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADP-dependent enzyme : terdapat di matriks mitokondria dan sitosol </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Je4LakPUWqlCdAbIE3CblQngenPLzoL4FfpD6sfNyFaASOhIFdfC7qPyWtia3eLwyUMb0vXcgl49vt76Y3qXPXJyctslUBVl10zu9dS9YdYYkXpWcDl20W1xOpycBnxN5HQ6zPNYrVhg/s1600/citric+acid.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: citric+acid" border="0" height="323" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Peran anabolisme dalam siklus krebs ditunjukkan oleh 4 senyawa intermediet, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Sitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dapat digunakan untuk membentuk kolestrol atau asam lemak. Jika terjadi gangguan atau hambatan pada perubahan sitrat menjadi sis-akusitrat sehingga sitrat menumpuk misalnya, maka sitrat tersebut akan terakumulasi dan dapat meningkatkan kolesterol atau asam lemak.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> Alfa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-ketoglutarat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melalui proses transaminasi menghasilkan asam amino glutamat. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Purin jika terlalu banyak di dalam tubuh akan diubah menjadi asam urat, bisa meningkatkan konsentrasi asam urat di dalam darah. Asam urat di dalam tubuh berfungsi sebagai antioksida endogen. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Succynil Co-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Digunakan untuk mensitesis hem. Hem+protein globin hemoglobin.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalau di dalam tanaman, succynil Co-A digunakan untuk pembentukan klorofil. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus hem dan rumus klorofil sama persis, bedanya kalau hem mengikat logam di tengahnya adalah Fe, sedangkan klorofil logam di tengahnya adalah Mg.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oksalo asetat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melalui proses transaminasi, enzimnya transaminase menjadi aspartat, purin dan pirimidin. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEMBEBASAN ATP oleh S</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyiuRWPn5pHdUg26vPvQHyjQ9uFPL4s7h7EuqaAFDsBu1y0Yk47X94Srea-arTV3v8teXoFJTOlD5JweK_bOfnUTQIXwRZ4NISfvoSh1QRXkBc2QoM8YKXdwWeQVZhb7_AK2etYDxlw/s1600/tabel+respirasi.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: tabel%2Brespirasi" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="392" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">S</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> sebagai jalur metabolisme amfibolik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Disebut amfibolik </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">anabolisme dan katabolisme.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh :</span></li>
</ul><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a-ketoglutarat +alanin </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">glutamat + piruvat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">oksaloasetat +alanin</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">aspartat + piruvat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">suksinil ko-A, merupakan prazat untuk biosintesis hem</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Siklus Krebs sebagai Jalur Metabolisme Amfibolik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7a-dzdWncpi-gipXDdhmujSXxQl2LyXEfN67BpcRSUnzb3C6qh2n4NF8LOOlXcTkFhg7sRUPNCz2n-2ZphI50R1jHar2_4BwCUVtt-7vjsrNE6zI9os60PeTpsJFZCQVj3891DlPgR9L/s1600/funarat+malat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: funarat+malat" border="0" height="369" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFPLmX2RAInaewaPW1nvfnMEReVi38yJnACjTOTJWRQpqO5tqxGlAlBrBpF3FpXRv86wQCyVHeKYsbJQR4GotVHR-FsC4Z5UkJaDYYgHpiJ6IPIcqgxhgLO3n6pUh4ctXUUqvWWDghbHN9/s1600/trikarboksilat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: trikarboksilat" border="0" height="354" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi-reaksi Anaplerotik Siklus Krebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Masukan banyak piruvat atau asetyl Ko-A ke dalam S</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> dapat mengurangi persediaan okasaloasetat yang digunakan untuk sintase sitrat. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dua reaksi yang yang digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksaloasetat disebut rx anaplerotik (memenuhi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat menjadi oksaloasetat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat menjadi malat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada jaringan otot yang dilatih berat, AMP menjadi IMP oleh deaminasi oksidatif. Hasil bersihnya membentuk FUMARAT </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Anaplerotik Ketika produk intermedier TCA /siklus krebs digunakan sbg prekursor biosintesis lainnya </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Konsentrasi intermedier turun memperlambat kecepatan TCA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Ada 5 reaksi : </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat OAA dgn en</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iruvat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> karboksilase </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEP </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OAA dgn enzim PEP karboksikinase</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEP OAA dgn enzim PEP karboksilase </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat malat dg en</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im malat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi transaminasi : aspartat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OAA dan glutamate</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ketoglutarat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQKwAWK_B5a4fQjEP_w36AnEaKnz3Sn31AczT4KWdfTXfMWJ9ZsDGj3ARvorRhWiyBxo3n9jQfsQ7p8sPMftl9H3mk7fOzHpJSPVqgsjV9GGietJM3a8spWRgb0fmYW63EWDph5KjDOeiM/s1600/asetil+coA.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: asetil+coA" border="0" height="337" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="419" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sekali lagi dalam Siklkus Krebs kita bisa ketahui</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur metabolisme daur asam trikarboksilat (asam sitrat) pertama diketemukan oleh <b>Krebs</b> (1937). </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oleh karena itu, jalur ini disebut pula daur Krebs. Jalur daur ini merupakan ajlur metabolisme yang utama dari berbagai senyawa hasil metabolisme, yaitu hasil katabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Asetil ko-A (sebagai hasil katabolisme lemak dan karbohidrat), oksalasetat, fumarat, dan α-ketoglutarat (sebagaihasil katabolismeasam amino dan protein), masuk kedalam daur Krebs untuk selanjutnya dioksidasi melalui beberapa tahap reaksi yang kompleks menjadi CO 2, H 2O dan energi ATP. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Kegiatan daur asam tri karboksilat terdapat dalam sel hewan, tumbuhan, dan jasad renik yang aerob dan merupakan metabolisme penghasil energi yang utama. Jasad yang anaerob tidak menggunakan metabolisme daur ini sebagai penghasil energinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjohJ0hndhAAgXHyuVvWaZ1UapXuKQ020Dkfzgh21LY4AEFAncdnUClIfouR8-Wgvso2b7a1d5j1Neud9vrj9ipFdeR4mJOoXKWIRoLQ5vUhbWO6EXn7tJw_oPVKmF0KpyP7gqd-0fWEb5/s1600/KREBS+REACTION.png"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: KREBS+REACTION" border="0" height="331" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="352" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daur Krebs merupakan bagian rangkaian proses pernafasan yang panjang dan kompleks, yaitu oksidasi glukosa menjadi CO 2dan H 2O serta produksi ATP. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Proses pernafasan terdiri dari 4 tahap utama: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">glikolisis (oksidasi glukosa menjadi piruvat)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">konversi piruvat ke asetil ko-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">daur Krebs dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">proses pengangkutan elektron melalui rantai pernafasan yang dirangkaikan degan sintesis ATP dari ADP = Pi melalui proses fosforilasi bersifat oksidasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Didalam sel eukariota, metabolisme asam trikarboksilat berlangsung didalam mitokondrion. Sebagian enzim dalam metabolisme ini terdapat di dalam cairan matriks dan sebagian lagi terikat pada bagian dalam membran mitokondrion.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SUMBER : </span><a href="http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/07/siklus-krebs-trikarboksilat.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/07/siklus-krebs-trikarboksilat.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS BIOLOGI SEL DAN MOLEKUL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SIKLUS KREBS</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" border="0" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="227" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama : Zulfahmi Hamka </span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas : L.5</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Stambuk : 150 2010 074</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKASSAR </span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2011</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SIKLUS KREBS </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Definisi Siklus Krebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adalah satu seri reaksi yang terjadi di dalam mitokondria yang membawa katabolisme residu asetyl, membebaskan ekuivalen hidrogen, yang dengan oksidasi menyebabkan pelepasan dan penangkapan ATP sebagai kebutuhan energi jaringan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Residu asetyl dalam bentuk asetyl-KoA (CH3-CO-S-CoA, asetat aktif)</span></li>
</ul><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tujuan Siklus Krebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menjelaskan reaksi-reaksi metabolik akhir yang umum terdapat pada jalur biokimia utama katabolisme tenaga </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menggambarkan bahwa CO2 tidak hanya merupakan hasil akhir metabolisme, namun dapat berperan sebagai zat antara, misalnya untuk proses lipogenesis.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo20; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengenali peran sentral mitokondria pada katalisis dan pengendalian jalur-jalur metabolik tertentu</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, mitokondria berfungsi sebagai penghasil energi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menghasilkan sebagian besar CO</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Metabolisme lain yang menghasilkan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">CO</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> misalnya jalur pentosa phospat atau P3 (pentosa phospat pathway) atau kalau di harper heksosa monofosfat.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sumber enzym-enzym tereduksi yang mendorong RR ( R</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">antai Respirasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merupakan alat agar tenaga yang berlebihan dapat digunakan untuk sintesis lemak sebelum pembentukan TG untuk penimbunan lemak </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyediakan prekursor-prekursor penting untuk sub-sub unit yang diperlukan dalam sintesis berbagai molekul </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menyediakan mekanisme pengendalian langsung atau tidak langsung untuk lain-lain sistem enzym </span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daur Siklus Krebs</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karbohidrat , Protein dan Lemak /Lipid akan dimetabolisme yang hasil akhirnya menjadi asetyl Co-A, dimana asetyl Co-A merupakan substrat untuk siklus krebs. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kemudian dari siklus krebs dihasilkan CO<sub>2</sub>, Hidrogen (FAD NAD) dan ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hidrogen (reducing ekivalen) merupakan substrat untuk rantai respirasi (RR).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siklus krebs harus berjalan dalam<b>Siklus Asam Sitrat (Siklus Krebs)</b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
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</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoNQb3NM-oaX1RkTxFPv9h-sRPsHuZS71cenurFj88215mBBIBpOHwYlbxjipoXhig2B4-nWNEuCYNInoH7696MIVekn-OXwlHFVHkObD3lHBkMtXD2NpR3YqydTKHt0LASjYCsGFDEtqg/s1600/siklus+krebs.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: siklus+krebs" border="0" height="367" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keterangan:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Substrat siklus krebs adalah asetyl Co-A.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asetyl Co-A akan bereaksi dengan oksalo asetat (OAA) hasilnya sitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam sitrat rumusnya beda dengan asam askorbat (vitamin C), kalau vitamin C itu rumusnya lebih mirip glukosa. Manusia tidak bisa menghasilkan vitamin C karena ada suatu reaksi yang terputus dimana manusia itu tidak mempunyai enzim L-glunoluase oksidase yang mengoksidasi glukosa menjadi vitamin C. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari isositrat ke QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> alfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-ketoglutarat membebaskan CO<sub>2</sub> dan NADH (koenzim).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalau menghasilkan NADH pasti membutuhkan NAD.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NAD dalam bentuk teroksidasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH dalam bentuk tereduksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NAD merupakan derivat vitamin B<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>1</sub> thiamin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>2</sub> riboflavin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B<sub>3 </sub> niasin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Koenzim yang terkait dengan ATP hanya vitamin B<sub>2</sub> dan B<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kekurangan vitamin B akan mengganggu metabolisme energi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH enzimnya isositrat dehidrogenase. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADH akan masuk ke rantai respirasi melepaskan hidrogen dan menghasilkan 3 ATP. Sedangkan FADH menghasilkan 2 ATP</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dekarboksilasi oksidasi melepaskan CO<sub>2</sub>. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> alfa</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-keto menjadi suksinil Co-A prosesnya dekarboksilasi oksidasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari succynyl Co-A menjadi succinate langsung dihasilkan ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi yang menghasilkan ATP langsung: siklus krebs, glikolisis, fosforilasi oksidatif, dan rantai respirasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lemak penghasil ATP paling banyak tapi tidak menghasilkan ATP secara langsung. Lemak banyak menghasilkan NADH dan FADH. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari succinate menjadi fumarate dihasilkan FADH<sub>2</sub>, membutuhkan koenzim FAD (derivat vitamin B<sub>2</sub>), dihasilkan 2 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari malate ke oxaloacetat dihasilkan NADH 3 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Total ATP untuk 1 putaran (1 asetyl Co-A) siklus krebs 12 ATP.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Glikolisis 2 asetyl Co-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lemak 8 asetyl Co.A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 mol glukosa 2 kali putaran</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 mol lemak 8 kali putaran</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karbohidrat disimpan di dalam becak-bercak sitoplasma di dalam hepar.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hepar dapat bertahan menyimpan glikogen 0,5 gram</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berfungsi mengoksidasi hasil glikolisis mjd CO<sub>2</sub> dan juga menyimpan energi ke bentuk molekul berenergi tinggi spt ATP, NADH, FADH<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sentral dalam siklus oksidatif dlm respirasi à dimana semua makromolekul dikatabolis (Karbohidrat, Lipid dan Protein)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk kelangsungannya membutuhkan : NAD, FAD, ADP, Pyr (piruvat) dan OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menghasilkan senyawa intermedier yg penting à asetil Co A, a KG & OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam amino yang dihasilkan dari alfa-ketoglutarat melalui proses transamnasi à glutamat. Kalau asam oksaloasetat à aspartat</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Merupakan prekursor untuk biosintesis makromolekul – makromolekul</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Siklus krebs selain sebagai jalur akhir karbohidrat , lemak dan protein, juga merupakan jalur awal ari makromolekul-makromolekul. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur akhir à katabolisme à mengubah KH à asetyl Co.A</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur awal à anabolisme</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berfungsi dalam katabolisme dan juga anabolisme à amfibolik </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Katabolisme à memproduksi molekul berenergi tinggi </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Anabolisme à memproduksi intermedier untuk prekursor biosintesis makromolekul </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jadi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam setiap siklus:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 gugus asetil ( molekul 2C) masuk dan keluar sebagai 2 molekul CO<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam setiap siklus : OAA digunakan untuk membentuk sitrat setelah mengalami reaksi yang panjang kembali diperoleh OAA</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terdiri dari 8 reaksi : 4 mrpkn oksidasi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> dimana energi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> digunakan utk mereduksi NAD dan FAD</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dihasilkan: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH<sub>2</sub></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tidak diperlukan O<sub>2 </sub>pada TCA, tetapi digunakan pada Fosforilasi oksidatif untuk memberi pasokan NAD, shg piruvat dapat di ubah menjadi Asetil Co A </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Glikolisis vs SIKLUS KREBS( TCA ) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.1pt; width: 488px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-right: solid #272776 1.0pt; border: solid #272776 2.25pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -41.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">GLIKOLISIS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 20.3pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 181.4pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 41.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -41.75pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SIKLUS KREBS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 39.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.85pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 184.3pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi berjalan linier</span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lokasi di sitoplasma </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 39.85pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 181.4pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi siklis </span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">letak di matriks mitokondria </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PROSES KIMIAWI PENGIKATAN ASETIL CoA OLEH OKSALO ASETAT MENJADI SITRAT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZv33a2cfx1l3jVXcOZJRlwjsL4XAZnAGH5dIyzsZb5IQRileByuo_ABPZQ7FWcNw3tXAMRYV7b4mpzJD9HLS3BqMnRPc92Ph-NSHib8WF3A7Sr6TdfzoQMeG3dOlLAjUgUW207R102Og1/s1600/SIKLUS+OA+KE+SITRAT.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: SIKLUS+OA+KE+SITRAT" border="0" height="354" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="396" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BERIKUT RUMUS BANGUN SENYAWA YANG TERLIBAT DALAM SIKLUS KREBS </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXl6ZN6N4tXC3EcPe2SYqRjCQPmdqJ8pQjHIDpckifcvjRajvSjOvu-5wfVb9Uxs_h-k0TxX2SoHnp6xyujr4kBusVT1IoBIIX1NBlu3V8QLz4IhEzTlJ-0sNN0z6QLPiXp0HguggFNHCw/s1600/RUMUS+BANGUN.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: RUMUS+BANGUN" border="0" height="130" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvE4tz0rSiZN8xosAzEblYi7mN1dUdTqjEhNLvr-urpEXElPv129u5NJLZk4XCvKWJ44qvJVND6Qc6P9N2qeWFLIQHb8eIql1cKA-kpE83Rsa5en_7FsqIuu6F_PJVGSTrGo8KxY_yE6V3/s1600/rumus+kimia+isositrat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: rumus+kimia+isositrat" border="0" height="127" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxZ1mBA5d8oYh7PkZ_-XVe-o6hLSn4uM1GE4RoWw_mjaEtoy09uCNmamBkR2NSxH51Y8bkdOqxIMRnStiphr7rR0qP5C1duXnP5C91J3sZ2j0qRv7M3_yehPKE0i8scKiPoRBMDxXl5QzZ/s1600/rumus+fumarat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: rumus+fumarat" border="0" height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">En</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im tersedia dalam mitokondria</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ada dua macam en</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im: </span></div><ol start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">memerlukan NAD</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">memerlukan NADP</span></li>
</ol><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NADP-dependent enzyme : terdapat di matriks mitokondria dan sitosol </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Je4LakPUWqlCdAbIE3CblQngenPLzoL4FfpD6sfNyFaASOhIFdfC7qPyWtia3eLwyUMb0vXcgl49vt76Y3qXPXJyctslUBVl10zu9dS9YdYYkXpWcDl20W1xOpycBnxN5HQ6zPNYrVhg/s1600/citric+acid.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: citric+acid" border="0" height="323" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Peran anabolisme dalam siklus krebs ditunjukkan oleh 4 senyawa intermediet, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Sitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dapat digunakan untuk membentuk kolestrol atau asam lemak. Jika terjadi gangguan atau hambatan pada perubahan sitrat menjadi sis-akusitrat sehingga sitrat menumpuk misalnya, maka sitrat tersebut akan terakumulasi dan dapat meningkatkan kolesterol atau asam lemak.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. QUOTE </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /> Alfa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-ketoglutarat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melalui proses transaminasi menghasilkan asam amino glutamat. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Purin jika terlalu banyak di dalam tubuh akan diubah menjadi asam urat, bisa meningkatkan konsentrasi asam urat di dalam darah. Asam urat di dalam tubuh berfungsi sebagai antioksida endogen. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Succynil Co-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Digunakan untuk mensitesis hem. Hem+protein globin hemoglobin.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalau di dalam tanaman, succynil Co-A digunakan untuk pembentukan klorofil. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus hem dan rumus klorofil sama persis, bedanya kalau hem mengikat logam di tengahnya adalah Fe, sedangkan klorofil logam di tengahnya adalah Mg.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oksalo asetat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><div class="msolistparagraph0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Melalui proses transaminasi, enzimnya transaminase menjadi aspartat, purin dan pirimidin. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEMBEBASAN ATP oleh S</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyiuRWPn5pHdUg26vPvQHyjQ9uFPL4s7h7EuqaAFDsBu1y0Yk47X94Srea-arTV3v8teXoFJTOlD5JweK_bOfnUTQIXwRZ4NISfvoSh1QRXkBc2QoM8YKXdwWeQVZhb7_AK2etYDxlw/s1600/tabel+respirasi.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: tabel%2Brespirasi" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" width="392" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">S</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> sebagai jalur metabolisme amfibolik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Disebut amfibolik </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">anabolisme dan katabolisme.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh :</span></li>
</ul><ol start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a-ketoglutarat +alanin </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">glutamat + piruvat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">oksaloasetat +alanin</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">aspartat + piruvat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">suksinil ko-A, merupakan prazat untuk biosintesis hem</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Siklus Krebs sebagai Jalur Metabolisme Amfibolik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij7a-dzdWncpi-gipXDdhmujSXxQl2LyXEfN67BpcRSUnzb3C6qh2n4NF8LOOlXcTkFhg7sRUPNCz2n-2ZphI50R1jHar2_4BwCUVtt-7vjsrNE6zI9os60PeTpsJFZCQVj3891DlPgR9L/s1600/funarat+malat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: funarat+malat" border="0" height="369" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFPLmX2RAInaewaPW1nvfnMEReVi38yJnACjTOTJWRQpqO5tqxGlAlBrBpF3FpXRv86wQCyVHeKYsbJQR4GotVHR-FsC4Z5UkJaDYYgHpiJ6IPIcqgxhgLO3n6pUh4ctXUUqvWWDghbHN9/s1600/trikarboksilat.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: trikarboksilat" border="0" height="354" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi-reaksi Anaplerotik Siklus Krebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Masukan banyak piruvat atau asetyl Ko-A ke dalam S</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iklus </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">K</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">rebs</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> dapat mengurangi persediaan okasaloasetat yang digunakan untuk sintase sitrat. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dua reaksi yang yang digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan oksaloasetat disebut rx anaplerotik (memenuhi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat menjadi oksaloasetat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat menjadi malat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada jaringan otot yang dilatih berat, AMP menjadi IMP oleh deaminasi oksidatif. Hasil bersihnya membentuk FUMARAT </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Anaplerotik Ketika produk intermedier TCA /siklus krebs digunakan sbg prekursor biosintesis lainnya </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Konsentrasi intermedier turun memperlambat kecepatan TCA</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Ada 5 reaksi : </span></div><ol start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat OAA dgn en</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">iruvat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> karboksilase </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEP </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OAA dgn enzim PEP karboksikinase</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEP OAA dgn enzim PEP karboksilase </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Piruvat malat dg en</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">z</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">im malat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi transaminasi : aspartat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OAA dan glutamate</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ketoglutarat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQKwAWK_B5a4fQjEP_w36AnEaKnz3Sn31AczT4KWdfTXfMWJ9ZsDGj3ARvorRhWiyBxo3n9jQfsQ7p8sPMftl9H3mk7fOzHpJSPVqgsjV9GGietJM3a8spWRgb0fmYW63EWDph5KjDOeiM/s1600/asetil+coA.bmp"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: asetil+coA" border="0" height="337" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="419" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sekali lagi dalam Siklkus Krebs kita bisa ketahui</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jalur metabolisme daur asam trikarboksilat (asam sitrat) pertama diketemukan oleh <b>Krebs</b> (1937). </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oleh karena itu, jalur ini disebut pula daur Krebs. Jalur daur ini merupakan ajlur metabolisme yang utama dari berbagai senyawa hasil metabolisme, yaitu hasil katabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Asetil ko-A (sebagai hasil katabolisme lemak dan karbohidrat), oksalasetat, fumarat, dan α-ketoglutarat (sebagaihasil katabolismeasam amino dan protein), masuk kedalam daur Krebs untuk selanjutnya dioksidasi melalui beberapa tahap reaksi yang kompleks menjadi CO 2, H 2O dan energi ATP. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">Kegiatan daur asam tri karboksilat terdapat dalam sel hewan, tumbuhan, dan jasad renik yang aerob dan merupakan metabolisme penghasil energi yang utama. Jasad yang anaerob tidak menggunakan metabolisme daur ini sebagai penghasil energinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjohJ0hndhAAgXHyuVvWaZ1UapXuKQ020Dkfzgh21LY4AEFAncdnUClIfouR8-Wgvso2b7a1d5j1Neud9vrj9ipFdeR4mJOoXKWIRoLQ5vUhbWO6EXn7tJw_oPVKmF0KpyP7gqd-0fWEb5/s1600/KREBS+REACTION.png"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Description: KREBS+REACTION" border="0" height="331" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="352" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Daur Krebs merupakan bagian rangkaian proses pernafasan yang panjang dan kompleks, yaitu oksidasi glukosa menjadi CO 2dan H 2O serta produksi ATP. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Proses pernafasan terdiri dari 4 tahap utama: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ul><ol start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">glikolisis (oksidasi glukosa menjadi piruvat)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">konversi piruvat ke asetil ko-A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">daur Krebs dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">proses pengangkutan elektron melalui rantai pernafasan yang dirangkaikan degan sintesis ATP dari ADP = Pi melalui proses fosforilasi bersifat oksidasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
</ol><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Didalam sel eukariota, metabolisme asam trikarboksilat berlangsung didalam mitokondrion. Sebagian enzim dalam metabolisme ini terdapat di dalam cairan matriks dan sebagian lagi terikat pada bagian dalam membran mitokondrion.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SUMBER : </span><a href="http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/07/siklus-krebs-trikarboksilat.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">http://biologigonz.blogspot.com/2010/07/siklus-krebs-trikarboksilat.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-91244189721741955682011-10-15T11:17:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:17:35.389-07:00TP simplisia<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Soal !</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Tuliskan nama simplisia nabati yang berstruktur lunak dan keras masing-masing 5(disertai dengan Indonesia-Latin)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Proses pembuatan simplisia pada rimpang (dari panen sampai pewadahan)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Jelaskan dasar-dasar pembuatan simplisia?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Jawab:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Struktur lunak</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Daun Jati Belanda(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guazumae Folium</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Daun Kemuning (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Murrayae Folium</i>) </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> Daun Kumis Kucing(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orthosiphonis Folium</i>) </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Daun Mengkudu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Morindae Folium</i>)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 84.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Daun Kecubung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stramonii Folium</i>) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> Struktur keras</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> Biji Kopi(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cofeea Semen</i>)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV"> Biji Jintan Hitam(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nigellae Sativae Semen</i>)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV"> </span>Kayu Sappan(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sappan Lignum</i>)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> Biji Pala(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Myristicae semen</i>)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span> Batang Brotowali(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tinosporae Caulis</i>)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 80.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span> Proses pembuatan Simplisia pada rimpang yaitu:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pengumpulan/Panen</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Teknik pengumpulan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Pengumpulan atau panen rimpang dapat dilakukan dengan tangan atau menggunakan alat(mesin).Apabila pengambilan rimpang dilakukan secara langsung <br />
(pemetikan),maka harus memperhatikan keterampilan sipemetik agar diperoleh bagian rimpang yang dikehendaki.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Waktu pengumpulan atau panen</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Waktu panen pada rimpang(rhizoma) dikumpulkan sewaktu proses pertumbuhannya berhenti.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Bagian tanaman</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Bagian tanaman yang diinginkan dipanen sesuai kebiasaan dan ketentuan dalam pembuatan simplisia,seperti pada rimpang cara pengumpulannya yaitu dicabut,dibersihkan dari akar,dipotong melintang dengan ketebalan tertentu.kadar airnya ≤ 8%.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pencucian dan Sortasi Basah</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Pencucian dan sortasi basah dimaksudkan untuk membersihkan rimpang dari benda-benda asing dari luar(tanah,batu,dan sebagainya),dan memisahkan bagian rimpang yang yang tidak di kehendaki pencucian.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pengubahan bentuk</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Setelah rimpang dicuci dan dibersihkan dari kotoran dan benda asing,dilakukan pengubahan bentuk,tujuannya untuk memperluas permukaan bahan baku sehingga mempercepat proses pengeringan meliputi perajangan,pengupasan,pemiprilan ,pemotongan dan penyerutan.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pengeringan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Pengeringan dilakukan agar rimpang dapat awet dan tidak mudah rusak serta dapat digunakan dalam jangka waktu yang relative aman,kemudian dapat mengurangi kadar air sehingga mencegah terjadinya pembusukan oleh jamur atau bakteri karena terhentinya proses enzimatik tidak dapat berlangsung ,kadar air yang dianjurkan adalah kurang dari 10%.Proses pengeringan juga mempermudah dalam penyimpanan dan mudah dihaluskan bila ingin membuiat serbuk.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sortasi kering</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Sortasi kering dilakukan sebelum pewadahan simplisia,bertujuan memisahkan sisa-sisa benda asing atau bagian tanaman yang tidak dikehendaki yang tidak tersortir pada saat sortasi basah.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pewadahan dan penyimpanan simplisia</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Rimpang yang diperoleh diberi wadah yang baik dan disimpan pada tempat yang dapat menjamin terpeliharanya mutu dari rimpang,kemudian diberi label.Wadah terbuat dari plastik</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">tebal atau gelas yang berwarna gelap dan tertutup kedap memberikan suatu jaminan yang memadai terhadap isinya,wadah dari logam dianjurkan agar tidak berpengaruh terhadap simplisia.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Stencil;">*<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Pengawetan simplisia</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Pengawetan dilakukan untuk mencegah kerusakan.Cara pengawetan rimpang yaitu rimopang direndam dahulu dalam alcohol 70% atau dialiri uap panas.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span> Dasar pembuatan Simplisia yaitu:</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dibuat dengan cara pengeringan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Pengeringan harus dilakukan dengan tepat,cepat dan suhu yang digunakan tidak terlalu tinggi ,karena penggunaan suhu yang tinggi dapat menyebebkan kerusakan senyawa aktif yang dikandung dalam simplisia ,dan pengeringan yang lama menyebabkan dapat ditumbuhi kapang dan jamur.Untuk itu perlu dilakukan perajangan simplisia dengan irisan ketebalan tertentu.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dibuat dengan proses fermentasi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Didalam melakukan proses fermentasi kita harus lebih berhati-hati karena bahan atau bakteri yang digunakan dalam proses fermentasi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan senyawa kandungan.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dibuat dengan proses khusus</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Misalnya dengan cara penyulingan,pengentalan eksudat nabati,dan pengeringan sari air.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Dibuat dengan memerlukan bantuan air</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 69.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">Misalnya pembuatan pati,talk dan sebagainya,tetapi harus di perhatikan air yang digunakan harus air yang bebas cemaran mikroba dan bahan-bahan berbahaya lainnya.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian Etnofarmasi 3 literatur?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawab : 1. Etnofarmasi merupakan disiplin ilmu yang mencakup farmakognosi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>farmasetik (terutama yang berkaitan dengan sediaan galenik), pemberian obat, toksikologi, bioavaibititas dan metabolisme serta farmasi praktis atau farmasi klinis (Heinrich, 2007).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etnofarmasi adalah studi tentang bagaimana masyarakat suatu etnis atau wilayah dalam menggunakan suatu tanaman obat atau ilmu multidisiplin yang mempelajari penggunaan obat-obatan terutama obat tradisional oleh suatu masyarakat lokal (etnik).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Etnofarmasi adalah Suatu interdisipliner ilmu pengetahuan berkenaan dengan studi kefarmasian yang mempertimbangkan hubungan dengan factor penentu budaya yang mengenali penggunaan suatu obat oleh manusia berdasarkan kelompok da identifikasi serta kategorisasi bahan alam yang akan diproduksi dan diklaim berkhasiat dalam penggunaannya sebagai obat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jelaskan Etnofarmasi yang ada di dunia?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawab : - Pengobatan Ayurveda </span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">Ayurveda adalah ilmu pengobatan yang sangat lengkap yang meliputi teknik operasi dan pembedahan, terapi warna dan aroma, serta ilmu gizi dan gaya hidup sehat. Dalam Ayurveda kita juga akan menemukan bahasan yang lengkap prihal asal-usul penyakit dan teknik penyembuhannya. Ayurveda memberikan <em>treatment</em> alami untuk semua jenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh ketidakkonsistenan fisiologi dalam tubuh. <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sehingga penyembuhan penyakit dari teknik Ayurveda terletak pada sifat-sifat alamiah badan itu sendiri. Alam dan badan ini tersusun dari lima elemen dasar, yaitu; <em>Akasha</em>, <em>Bayu</em> (udara), <em>Agni</em> (api), <em>Jala</em> (air) dan <em>Prthivi</em> (bumi). Dari lima unsur tersebut, hanya tiga unsur yang memegang peranan penting dalam pembentukan dan deformasi alamiah, yaitu; <em>Bayu</em> (udara), <em>Agni</em> (api), dan <em>Jala</em> (air). Berdasarkan prinsip yang sama, sistem Ayurveda mengeliminir sumber segala penyakit yang didasarkan pada tiga <em>Dosha</em>, yaitu: <em>vata</em> (udara yang ada dalam tubuh), <em>pita</em> (api atau panas dalam tubuh) dan <em>kafa</em> (air dalam tubuh).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengobatan Jepang</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan </span></span><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">kampo</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><em><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">kampo</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">adalah fitur penting dari praktek medis modern di Jepang.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="SV" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hampir semua apotik Jepang membawa formula herbal tradisional dan memiliki apoteker pada staf terlatih dalam metode tradisional resep.</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengobatan Tradisional Cina dan "Chi"</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengobatan tradisional Cina (TCM) adalah sistem yang kuno medis memerlukan pemahaman yang mendalam dan pola-pola hukum alam dan berlaku mereka ke tubuh manusia. TCM tidak “New Age”, dan tidak pula yang campur aduk dari berbagai penyembuhan modalities. TCM adalah sistem yang lengkap medis yang telah dilakukan selama lebih dari lima ribu tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di jantung TCM adalah paham bahwa akar penyebab penyakit, mereka tidak gejala, harus diobati. Dalam istilah modern-hari, TCM adalah dalam pendekatan holistik, yang dilihat setiap aspek dari orang-tubuh, pikiran, semangat, dan emosi-sebagai bagian dari satu lingkaran lengkap daripada loosely terhubung ke bagian diperlakukan secara individual.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berikut ini adalah pengenalan singkat ke beberapa istilah dan konsep kunci dalam obat tradisional Cina.</span></div><h3 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thibbun Nabawi</span></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Istilah Thibbun Nabawi dimunculkan oleh para dokter muslim sekitar abad ke-13 M untuk menunjukkan ilmu-ilmu kedokteran yang berada dalam bingkai keimanan pada Allah, sehingga terjaga dari kesyirikan, takhayul dan khurofat.<span style="color: black;">Thibbun Nabawi adalah metode pengobatan yang dijelaskan oleh Nabi Muhammad Saw. kepada orang yang mengalami sakit tentang apa yang beliau ketahui berdasarkan wahyu. <br />
Metode pengobatan yang digunakan Nabi Muhammad Saw. saat mengobati sakit yang dideritanya, atau beliau perintahkan kepada keluarga serta para sahabat yang tengah sakit untuk melakukannya. Adapun sumber yang dapat dijadikan rujukan adalah Al-Qur’an, hadits shahih serta atsar para sahabat yang diriwayatkan melalui jalan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan menurut kaidah-kaidah ilmu hadits. Ibnu Qoyyim berkata dalam Zaadul Ma’ad (IV/33), “Pengobatan cara Nabi Muhammad Saw. memiliki perbedaan dibanding dengan metode pengobatan lainnya. Karena metode ini bersumber dari wahyu, misyakat kenabian dan akal yang sempurna, maka tentu memiliki derajat kepastian yang menyakinkan di samping memiliki nilai keilahian, berbeda dengan metode pengobatan lainnya yang umumnya hanya berdasarkan pikiran, dugaan atau pengalaman semata-mata.” (Syaikh Salim bin 'Ied al-Hilali, 2009)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jelaskan system pengobatan etnofarmasi pendekatan holistik, dingin, panas, lembab, dan kering, serta pendekatan holistik dengan keseimbangan alam dan kualitas alam.?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jawab : System pengobatan etnofarmasi pendekatan holistic dengan keseimbangan alam dan kualitas alam adalah suatu metode penyembuhan dengan memanfaatkan keseimbangan alam atau bahan-bahan yang ada di alam tanpa campuran bahan kimia. Misalkan saja penyakit batuk yang bersifat panas dapat di obati dengan daun mint yang bersifat dingin, penyakit rematik yang bersifat dingin di obati dengan cabe yang bersifat panas, cocor bebek untuk mengobati kemandulan, kunyit untuk penyakitkuning dan masih banyak lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilih 5 penyakit dan 3 tanamannya?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawab : Nama Penyakit :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">muntah darah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">batuk dan sariawan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">penyakit kanker</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rematik&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">rematik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_darah_tinggi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tekanan darah tinggi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Tanaman :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_dewa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daun dewa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(<u>Gynura</u> <u>Segetu</u>m)</i> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Abrus precatorius)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegagan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pegagan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Cantella asiatica Urban)</i> Mengobati</span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-90751176024569043762011-10-15T11:15:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:15:36.341-07:00titrasi redoks<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi identifikasi adalah suatu reaksi kimia yang dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui keberadaaan suatu zat (ion/gugus) dalam suatu sampel tertentu. Untuk itu, maka dibutuhkan pengetahuan dasar tentang sifat atau gejala atau perubahan yang ditimbulkan apabila ditambahkan suatu pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kimia analisis adalah cabang ilmu kimia yang berfokus pada analisis cuplikan material untuk mengetahui komposisi, struktur dan fungsi kimiawina. Kimia analisis dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu analisis kualitatif dan analisa kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan suatu unsur atau senyawa kimia organik maupun anorganik. Sedangkan analisis kuantitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah suatu unsur atau senyawa dalam suatu cuplikan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uji kualitatif berhubungan dengan sifat fisika dan kimia yang menentukan mutu atau kualitas seperti uji organoleptis (warna, bau, rasa), kelarutan, pH, titik didih dan lain-lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Analisa kualitatif adalah analisa yang dilakukan untuk menentukan macam atau jenis zat atau komponen-komponen bahan yang dianalisis. Dalam bidang farmasi uji kualitatif atau analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis zat kimia apa saja yang terdapat dalam kandungan suatu obat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rumusan Masalah</span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bagaimana cara penetapan kadar suatu senyawa dengan menggunakan metode bromometri?</span></li>
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</div><h1 align="center" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C. Maksud Praktikum</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.05pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengetahui dan memahami cara penetapan kadar suatu senyawa dengan menggunakan metode bromo-bromatometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in 1.0in; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menetapkan kadar isoniazid dengan menggunakan metode bromo-bromatometri.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">E. Manfaat praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Agar kita dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara pembentukan dan bagaimana cara menentukan kadar barium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kloridadengan menggunakan metode gravimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB II</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teori Umum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dasar dari cara iodometri adalah reaksi kesetimbangan dari iodium dan iodide I<sub>2</sub> + 2e → 2I<sup>-</sup> dengan demikian 1 grol I<sub>2</sub> = 2 grek.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Titrasi dengan metode iodometri dapat dibagi menjadi 2 cara :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Cara Langsung (Iodimteri)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menurut cara ini, sesuatu zat pereduksi dititrasi langsung oleh iodium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Cara tidak langsung (Iodometri)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam ha ini ion iodide sebagai pereduksi di ubah menjadi iodium. Iodium yang berbentuk dititrasi dengan larutan baku natrium tiosulfat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sebagai indikator dipakai larutan kanji yang dapat membentuk senyawa absorbsi dengan iodium yang di titrasi dengan larutan Natrium Tiosulfat (Anonim : 2011).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bromatrometri atau Bromometri merupakan salah satu gram ekivalen sama dengan 1/6 gram molekul. Metode Bromomteri ini terutama digunakan untuk menetapkan senyawa-senyawa organik seperti fenol-fenol, asam salisilat, resorsinol, peraklorofenol dan lain-lainnya dengan membentuk tribrom substitusi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Metode permanganometri didasarkan pada reaksi oksidasi ion permanganat. Oksidasi ini dapat berlangsung dalam suasana asam, netral dan alkalis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">MnO<sub>4</sub> + 8H+ 5e → Mn 2+ + 4H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Anonim : 2011).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Istilah oksidasi mengacu pada setiap perubahan kimia di mana terjadi kenaikan biangan oksidasi, sdangkan reduksi di gunakan untuk setiap penurunan bilngan iksidasi. Berarti proses oksidasi disertai dengan hilangannya elektron sedangkan reduksi memperoleh elektron. Oksidator adalah senyawa di mana atom yang terkandung mengalami penurunan biangan oksidasi. Sebaliknya pada reduktor, atom yang terkandung mengalami kenaikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bilangan oksidasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Beberapa sistem Redoks :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Ce (IV) sulfat adalah oksidator yang sangat baik dengan indikator o-fenantrolin. Pada reaksi Ce<sup>4+</sup> → Ce<sup>3+</sup> + e<sup>-</sup> elektorn orbital 4f-lah yang dibebaskan. Laju reaksi dipengaruhi oeh pelarut dan pembentuk kompeks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Kaium permanganat: adalah oksidator kuat. Tidak memerukan indikator. Kelemahannya adalah dalam medium HCl Cl<sup>- </sup>dapat teroksidasi. Demikian juga larutannya, mempunyai kestabilan yang terbatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. Kalium dikromat : reaksi ini dim proses seperti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2</sup> + 14 H<sup>+</sup> + 6 e ↔ Cr<sup>3+ </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 7 H<sub>2</sub>O E<sup>O</sup> = 1,33 V</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Zat ini mempunyai keterbatasan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Khopkar : 2003)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indikator Oksidasi Reduksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terdapat dua jenis indikator redoks:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. indikator spesifik, yaitu indikator yang bereaksi hanya dengan salah satu komponen yang berhubungan dalam titrasi. Contoh ; amilum, KSCNS.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -.45pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. indikator redoks asli, yaitu indikator yang peka terhadap protensial sistem.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penentuan Titik Akhir pada Titrasi Redoks ; biasanya dua jenis indikator digunakan untuk menentukan titik akhir. Indikator eksternal maupun indikator internal. Biasanya indikator eksternal digunakan dalam uji bercak (Khopkar: 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reagen-reagen yang diperlukan untuk reaksi-reaksi redoks pendahuuan; dalam banyak prosedur analitis, analitnya memiliki lebih dari satu kondisi oksidasi sehinga harus dikonversi menjadi satu kondisi oksidasi tunggal sebelum titrasi. Sebuah contoh yang sering kita jumpai adalah penetuan besi dalam suatu bijih besi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Indikator kanji warna larutan iodin 0,1 N cukup intens sehingga iodin dapat bertindak sebagai indikator bagi dirinya sendiri. Iodin juga memberika warna ungu atau violet yang itens untuk zat-zat pelarut seperti karbon tetrakorida dan kloroform, dan terkadang kondisi ini dipergunkaa daam menedeteksi titk akhir dari titrasi-titrasi (Day, Jr : 2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kalium Iodat dan kaium <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bromat. Kedua garam ini mengoksidasi iodida secara kuntitatif menjadi iodin dalam larutan asam:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">IO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub> + 5I + 6H<sup>+</sup> → 3I<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + 6I<sup>-</sup> + 6H<sup>+</sup> → 3I<sub>2</sub> + Br<sup>-</sup> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kerugian utama dari kedua garam ini sebagai standar primer adalah bahwa berat ekivalen mereka mereka kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penentuan-penentuan Iodometri. Ada banyak apikasi proses iodometrik dalam kimia analis (Day, Jr : 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: -.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Warna dari sebuah laruta iodine 0,1 N cukup intens sehingga iodine dapat bertindak sebagai indicator bagi dirinya sendiri. Iodine juga memberikan warna ungu atau violet yang intens untuk zat-zat pelarut seperti karbon tetraklorida dan kloroform dan terkadang kondisi ini dipergunakan dalam mendeteksi titik akhir dari titrasi-titrasi. Namun demikian, suatu larutan (penyebaran koloidal) dari kanji lebih umum dipergunakan, karena warna biru gelap dari kompleks iodine-kanji bertindak sebagai satu tes yang amat sensitive untuk iodine. Mekanisme pembantukan kompleks yang berwarna ini tidak diketahui, namun ada pemikiran bahwa molekul-molekul iodine tertahan dipermukaan β-amylose, suatu konstituen dari kanji. Larutan-larutan kanji dengan mudah didekomposisinya oleh bakteri dan biasanya sebuah substansi, seperti asam borat ditambahkan sebagai bahan pengawet (Susanti, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. Uraian bahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Air suling (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 96)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sinonim<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Air suling, Aquadest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berasa, </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 114.6pt; text-indent: 29.4pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 129.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai bau</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 37.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Isoniazid (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 472)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Isoniazidum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Sinonim<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Isoniazid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">RM / BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> / 137,14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kandungan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Tidak kurang dari 98,0 % dan tidak lebih dari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>102,0 % C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>NO<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Hablur putih, tidak berwarna atau serbuk hablur </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>putih, tidak berbau, perlahan-lahan dipengaruhi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh udara dan cahaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Mudah larut dalam air, agak sukar larut dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>etanol (95%) P, larut dalam kloroform dan eter,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 116.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Sebagai sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Asam Klorida (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 53)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Acidum hydrochloridum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">RM / BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: HCl/ 36,46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kandungan <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:Tidak kurang dari 35,0% dan tidak lebih dari 38%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HCl.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 122.55pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air, asap dan bau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 35.45pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kalium Bromida (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 328)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Kalii bromidum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: Kalium bromidium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">RM / BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: KBr / 119,01</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:Hablur heksahedral; transaparan atau tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bewarna, aspek dan putih / serbuk butiran putih,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>higroskopis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kelarutan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:Sangat mudah larut dalam air mendidih : larut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam alkohol (95%) P, mudah larut dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 119.7pt; tab-stops: 108.3pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -83.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gliserol P.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 108.3pt 119.7pt 122.55pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB III</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat Yang Dipakai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Botol semprot, buret, cawan porselin, erlenmeyer, sendok tanduk, lap kasar dan lap halus, pipet tetes, dan timbangan analitik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan Yang Digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Aqua destilata, indicator kanji, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>izoniasid, kalium bromat 0,1 N, Kalium bromide, asam klorida, Kalium iodida, Natrium tiosulfat<sub>.</sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cara Kerja</span></li>
</ol><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(Analisis kimia Farmasi Kuantitaif , Susanti, 2003 : 112)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ditimbang 50,3 dan 50,0 mg izoniazida, dilarutkan dalam 50 ml air dalam labu tersumbat kaca. diambahkan 25 ml kalium bromad 0,1 N, 2,5 gram Kalium bromide dan 5ml dan 10 ml asam klorida pekat, biarkan selama 15 menit. Tambahkan hati-hati larutan 1 gram Kalium Iodida dalam 5 ml air. Titrasi dengan Natrium Tiosulfat 0,1 N menggunakan indikato kanji.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tiap ml Kalium Bromat setara dengan 3,429 mg C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub> 3</sub>O.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB IV</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hasil Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Data pengamatan percobaan kompleksometri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-Bromometri</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 539px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berat izoniasid</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volume </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Natrium Tiosulfat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keterangan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Erlenmeyer I</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">50,3 mg</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ml</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HCl pekat 5ml</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 34.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Erlenmeyer II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">50,0 mg</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9,8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ml</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">HCl pekat 10ml</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perhitungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penetapan kadar </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">izoniasid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berdasarkan reaksi didapatkan bahwa </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Kadar I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>V . M. Berat Setara</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat Sampel . Fk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>18ml . 0,1 N.3,429</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50,3 . 0,1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>6,172</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,03</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 122,70%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">% Kadar II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>V . M. Berat Setara</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat Sampel . Fk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>9,8 . 0,1.3,429</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>50,0 . 01</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>3,360</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 67,2 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">% Kadar Rata-rata = <u>122,70% + 67,2 %</u></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>2</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left: 48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 94,95%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 141.75pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B.Pembahasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi identifikasi adalah suatu reaksi kimia yang dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui keberadaaan suatu zat (ion/gugus) dalam suatu sampel tertentu. Untuk itu, maka dibutuhkan pengetahuan dasar tentang sifat atau gejala atau perubahan yang ditimbulkan apabila ditambahkan suatu pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kimia analisis adalah cabang ilmu kimia yang berfokus pada analisis cuplikan material untuk mengetahui komposisi, struktur dan fungsi kimiawina. Kimia analisis dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu analisis kualitatif dan analisa kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan suatu unsur atau senyawa kimia, aik organik maupun anorganik. Sedangkan analisis kuantitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah suatu unsur atau senyawa dalam suatu cuplikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode bromometri dan bromatometri ini terutama digunakan untuk menetapkan senyawa-senyawa organik aromatis dengan membentuk tribrom substitusi. Metode ini dapat juga digunakan untuk menetapkan senyawa arsen dan stibium dalam bentuk trivalent walaupun tercampur dengan stanum valensi empat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada percobaan kali ini digunakan sampel isoniazid. isoniazid, mula-mula sampel ditimbang 50,3 mg dan 50,0 mg. Kemudian dilarutkan dalam 50 ml air. Setelah itu ditambahkan 25 ml KbrO<sub>3</sub> sebagai oksidatornya. Kemudian ditambahkan KBr 2,5 gram, kelebihan KBr dalam larutan menyebabkan ion bromida bereaksi dengan ion bromat. Setelah itu ditambahkan 5 ml dan 10 ml ml HCl P dengan maksud untuk memberi suasana asam agar<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>bromin dapat terbebas. Kemudian didiamkan selama 5 menit. Setelah itu ditambahkan KI dalam 5 ml air, penambahan ini akan menghasilkan iodida yang dioksidasi oleh bromin menjadi iodin yang dititrasi dengan natrium untuk menentukan kadar sampel.Dari percobaan ini % kadar rata-rata isoniazid adalah 94,95%. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: center 205.55pt left 347.25pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB V</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari percobaan ini diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Persen kadar rata-rata isoniazid = 94,95%. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan kadar yang tertera pada farmakope edisi III, yaitu tidak kurang dari 98,0% dan tidak lebih dari 102,0%.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 30.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat dan bahan sebaiknya dipersiapkan terlebih dahulu sebelum praktikum dimulai,agar praktikum berjalan dengan lancar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rivai, H., (1995), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia</i>”, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wunas, J., Said, S., (1986), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif</i>”< UNHAS, Makassar, 122-123</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Underwood, A.L., day, RA., (1993), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisa Kimia Kuantitatif</i>”, Edisi V, Alih Bahasa : R. Soedonro, Erlangga, Surabaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Roth, J., Blaschke, G., (1988), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisa Farmasi</i>”, UGM Press, Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dirjen POM, (1979), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia</i>”, edisi III, Departemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dirjen POM, (1995), “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia</i>”, edisi IV, Depatemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">SKEMA KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 43px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="43" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ditimbang 50,3 mg dan 50,0 mg izoniazida</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 30px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dilarutkan dalam 50 ml air dalam labu tersumbat kaca</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 37px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ditambahkan 25 ml kalium bromad 0,1 N</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 31px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2,5 gram Kalium bromide</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada tabung 1 disisi dengan 5 ml asam klorida pekat</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tabung ke 2 disisi dengan 10 ml asam klorida pekat, </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">biarkan selama 15 menit</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 42px; left: 0px; margin-left: 266px; margin-top: 31px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ditambahkan larutan 1 gram Kalium Iodida dalam 5 ml air</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Titrasi dengan Natrium Tiosulfat 0,1 N menggunakan indikato kanji.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tiap ml Kalium Bromat setara dengan 3,429 mg C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub> 3</sub>O.</span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-70873967675802821782011-10-15T11:14:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:14:42.595-07:00titrasi bebas air<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A. Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi bebas air atau titrasi non-Aqua adalah titrasi yang menggunakan pelarut organik sebagai pengganti air. Dengan pelarut organik tertentu, kekuatan asam atau basa lemah dapat diperbesar sehingga memungkinkan suatu titrasi yang tidak memuaskan dalam pelarut air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun yang melatar belakangi untuk melakukan percobaan ini adalah karena dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bidang farmasi banyak ditemukan obat yang bersifat asam atau basa lemah yang sukar larut dalam air, sehingga berdasarkan percobaan ini kita dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara memilih pelarut yang tepat .Sehingga kiranya ini yang melatar belakangi dilakukannya percobaan ini sebagai seorang farmasis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dibidang farmasi teknik ini banyak dipakai karena banyak obat bersifat asam atau basa lemah yang sukar larut dalam air. Dengan memilih pelarut yang tepat, penetapan kadar dari komponen campuran asam atau basa juga dimungkinkan. Pada percobaan ini kita membahas tentang titrasi bebas air dengan berdasarkan pada reaksi netralisasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara menentukan kadar kafein melalui metode titrasi bebas air berdasarkan reaksi netralisasi dengan menggunakan larutan asam perklorat dan penambahan indicator Kristal violet ?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana tahapa-tahapan yang terjadi pada proses titrasi bebas air ?</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Maksud Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun maksud dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami pembakuan suatu zat dengan metode titrasi bebas air</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk menentukan kadar kafein dengan metode titrasi bebas air berdasarkan reaksi netralisasi </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Manfaat Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun manfaat dari praktikum ini adalah kita dapat mengetahui cara titrasi bebas air,dapat menentukan kadar sampel larutan zat sesuai dengan titrasi bebas air dan kita dapat menerapkan dalam bidang farmasi dalam hal untuk memilih pelarut suatu obat yang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Teori Umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi Penetralan merupakan reaksi antara asam dengan basa reaksi asam basa dalam medium air biasanya menghasilkan air dan garam (salt),yang merupakan senyawa ionic yang terbentuk dari suatu kation selain H<sup>+</sup> dan suatu anion OH<sup>-</sup> atau O<sup>2- </sup>(Raymond,C, 1990).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Air adalah produk dari reaksi titrasi, dan lebih lanjut air tedapat dalam jumlah yang sangat berlebih. Jadi, sampai tingkat tertentu bersifat asam, sehingga bersaing degan asam yang ingin kita titrasi dan mencegah reaksi titrasi berjalan hingga selesi kecuali HB itu sendiri cukup kuat. Ini bias dilihat dari tetapan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K;</i> tetapan itu semakin besar dengan semakin bearnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">K<sub>a</sub></i>, dan dengan semakin kecilnya tetapan otoprotolisis pelarut (Underwood, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beberapa klasifikasi pelarut telah diusulkan. Laitinen mengusulkan empat jenis. Pelarut Amfrotik mempunyai baik sifat asam maupun basa seperti halnya air. Mereka mengalami otoprolisis, dan seperti kita sebut diatas, derajat sampai di mana reaksi titrasi berlangsung sempurna merupakan suatu fungsi dari reaksi ini. Sebagian seperti methanol dan etanol, memiliki sifat asam-basa yang mirip dengan air dan, bersama dengan air, disebut pelarut netral. Lainnya, yang disebut pelarut asam, seperti asam asetat, asam format, dan asam sulfat, adalah asam-asam yang jauh lebih kuat dan basa-basa yang jauh lebih lemah daripada air. Pelarut basa seperti basa seperti ammonia cair dan etilen dimana mempunyai kebasaan yang lebih besar dan keasaman yang lebih kecil daripada air (Underwood, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam dan basa lemah yang tidak layak dalam pelarut air dapat dilakukan dalam pelarut lain. Berbagai macam pelarut telah dipelajari, dan berbagai metode deteksi titik akhir telah tersedia. Kebanyakan pekerjaan bersifat empiris karena kita tidak mempunyai skala kesamaan dalam semua pelarut ini seperti kita miliki untuk air. Tetapi bahkan basis ini, bidang titrasi non berair telah memiliki peranan penting dalam kimia analitik (Underwood, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Defenisi Arrhenius mengenai asam dan basa hanya terbatas pada penerapan dalam larutan dengan medium air.Defenisi yang lebih luas,yang di kemukakan oleh kimiawan Denmark Johannes Bronsted pada tahun 1932 menyatakan asam sebagai donor proton dan basa sebagai akseptor proton (Raymond,C, 1990)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika asam kuat seperti asam klorida,dilarutkan dalm pelarut aprotik seperti Benzen,maka tidak akan terjadi reaksi dengan pelarut.Dengan begitu kekuatan asamnya juga tidak berkurang.Senyawa ini tidak dapat lagi seperti dalam larutan air atau dalam larutan amfolit lain ditentukan dari derajat disosiasi menjadi ion.Sebagai ukuran kekuatan asam adalah afinitas terhadap proton.Makin kuat proton terikat,makin sedikit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proton yan gdiberikan asamnya akan semakin kuat.Basa bersifat sebaliknya ( J,Herman , 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagian besar senyawa,terutama senyawa aktif organic, tidak dapat ditentukan dalam larutan air menurut cara titrasi protolisis, karena sifat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam atau basanya tidak jelas.Dalam kebanyakan hal titrasi protolisis akan mungkin jkk dikerjakan dalam lingkungan bebas air.Kemungkinan ini dapat dimengerti, jika dilihat bahwa teori asam basa Bronsted juga berlaku untuk pelarut bukan air (J,Herman, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">B. Uraian Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Anhidrat Asetat (Ditjen,POM,1995,hal: 647)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ANHIDRAT ASETAT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Anhidrat Asetat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/102,09</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih tidak berwarna; berbau tajam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Benzena (Ditjen,POM,1979,hal: 658)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: BENZENA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Benzena</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/78,11</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan tidak berwarna, transparan, mudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 148.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">terbakar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cofein (Ditjen,POM,1995,hal: 254)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: COFENIUM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cofein<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/194,19</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 148.5pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>putih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jarum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 148.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>putih;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggumpal;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 148.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>rasa pahit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Agak sukar larut dalam air,mudah larut dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 148.85pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>etanol,kloroform, sukar larut dalam eter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HClO<sub>4</sub> (Ditjen,POM, 1979, hal: 651)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ASAM PERKLORAT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Asam perklorat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: HClO<sub>4</sub>/100,46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih tidak berwarna.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Larut dalam air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kristal Violet (Ditjen, POM, 1979, hal: 698)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: KRISTAL VIOLET</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kristal Violet</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Hablur berwarna hijau tua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sukar larut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam air; agak sukar larut dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 148.85pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>etanol (95%)P,dan asam asetat glacial.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunnaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai Indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">C. Prosedur Kerja (Anonim,2011)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang seksama 501,6 mg kofein, dilarutkan dalam 50 ml asam asetat, dipanaskan lalu didinginkan, ditambahkan 100 ml benzene, tambahkan indicator Kristal violet 4 tetes, dititrasi dengan asam perklorat sampai terjadi warna biru. Lakukan cara kerja diatas menggunakan kofein 501,8 mg. 1 mL Asam perklorat HClO<sub>4</sub> 0,5177 setara dengan 97,1 kofein.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat yang digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alat-alat yang digunakan yaitu bulk, buret, corong, erlenmeyer, gelas kimia, gelas ukur, pipet tetes, pipet volum, statif dan klem.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Bahan yang digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan yaitu Aluminium foil, Asam asetat P, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asam perklorat (HClO<sub>4</sub>) 0,5177 N baku, Benzena P, etiket, kofein (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), indicator Kristal violet, , kertas timbang dan tissue. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keringkan alat yang akan digunakan dengan cara dibersihkan dengan alkohol lalu dimasukkan ke dalam oven pengering. Timbang kofein 2 kali, yang pertama sebanyak 501,6 mg, masukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer dan dilarutkan dengan asam asetat sebanyak 50 ml, dipanaskan lalu didinginkan kembali, setelah itu ditambahkan benzene sebanyak 100 ml, tambahkan indicator Kristal violet sebanyak 4 tetes hingga larutan berwarna ungu kemudian dititrasi dengan asam perklorat sampai warna larutan menjadi biru hingga hijau lalu catat volume titran. Lakukan hal yang sama dengan mengunakan kofein sebanyak 501,8 mg.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Tabel pengamatan</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vol. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>titrasi</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.75pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perubahan warna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 46.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer 2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kofein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>501,6 mg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kofein 501,8 mg</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5 ml</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4,5 ml</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.75pt;" valign="top" width="170"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ungu-biru-hijau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ungu-biru-hijau muda</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhitungan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dik : <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>F. koreksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = 0,5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>As. Perklorat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> = 0,5177 N</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bst<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 19,42 mg</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>V x N x berat setara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 21.3pt;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 125px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 199px; z-index: 251640832;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="199" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. % kadar =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat sampel x faktor koreksi</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 ml x 0,5177 N x 97,1 mg</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 130px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 199px; z-index: 251641856;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="199" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>501,6mg <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 0,5</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">251,34</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 136px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 68px; z-index: 251642880;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="68" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100,21 %</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>250,8</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">V x N x berat setara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 101px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 199px; z-index: 251645952;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="199" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% kadar =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat sampel x factor koreksi</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5 ml<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 0,5177N x 97,1 mg</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 108px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 199px; z-index: 251643904;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="199" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>501,8 mg x 0,5 </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">226,20</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 108px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251644928;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="69" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>250,8</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>90,19 %</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Reaksi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="70" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sup>-</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 127px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 251677696;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="70" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B . Pembahasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi bebas air adalah titrasi yang dilakukan dalam pelarut bukan air. Sebelum kita membahas mengenai titrasi bebas air maka kita harus mengetahui tentang pelarut. Pelarut memiliki bentuk cair pada suhu kamar, dan diharapkan memiliki toksisitas rendah. Pelarut memiliki kemampuan khusus yang berkaitan dengan disosiasi, sifat keasaman dan kebasaan,tetapan dielektrik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan titrasi bebas air dilakukan cara kerja yaitu keringkan alat yang akan digunakan dengan cara dibersihkan dengan alkohol lalu dimasukkan ke dalam oven pengering. Timbang kofein sebanyak 501,6 mg, masukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer dan dilarutkan dengan asam asetat sebanyak 20 ml, dipanaskan lalu didinginkan kembali, setelah itu ditambahkan benzene sebanyak 100 ml, tambahkan indicator Kristal violet sebanyak 4 tetes kemudian dititrasi dengan asam perklorat sampai warna larutan menjadi biru lalu catat volume titran. Kemudian di ulang dengan cara yang sama tetapi dengan kafein 501,8 mg.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun hasil yang didapat yaitu setelah dititrasi maka akan terjadi perubahan warna yaitu dari warna ungu menjadi biru kehijauan, dan jumlah yang didapat yaitu pada kadar pertama sebesar 100,21 % dan kadar kedua didapatkan hasil yaitu sebesar 90,19 %.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aplikasi percobaan titrasi bebas air dalam bidang farmasi yaitu untuk menentukan suatu gugus obat dengan titrasi asam, contohnya yaitu kebanyakan gugus obat sulfat yang terkenal dapat ditentukan dengan titrasi asam (keasaman diberikan oleh gugus sulfonamide,-SO<sub>2</sub>-NH-) dengan alkali metoksida dalam larutan benzene methanol atau dimetilformamida.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun faktor kesalahan yang dapat terjadi pada praktikum kali ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indicator yang ditambahkan terlalu banyak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu pemasan kurang sehingga perubahan warna yang dihasilkan kurang maksimal</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kurang telitinya praktikan dalam mengamati hasilnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kurang telitinya praktikan saat menitrasi</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pereaksi yang masih mengandung air, mengakibatkan fungsi pereaksi untuk meningkatkan kebasaan senyawa dan menentukan kadar senyawa tidak dapar berjalan dengan baik. Bila titrasi berlangsung dengan pelarut yang masih mengandung air, maka akan mempengaruhi tingkat kebasaan senyawa dalam pelarut menjadi lebih rendah dari seharusnya (bila ditambahkan pelarut bebas air). Selain itu, kadar senyawa organik yang ditentukan juga akan berkurang dari kadar seharusnya karena tidak semua senyawa dapat bereaksi, masih terdapat kandungan air yang akan mempengaruhi reaksi. Semua pereaksi yang dibuat mengandung air sehingga pada titrasi bebas air, jumlah kelebihan air dari peniter, pelarut serta indikator tersebut akan mempengaruhi titik akhir titrasi, perubahan warna dapat terjadi di luar titik akhir titrasi seharusnya, titrasi menjadi tidak presisi dan akurat.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari percobaan yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar dari Kafein pada percobaan pertama yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">100,21 </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%. Kadar kofein pada percobaan kedua yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">90,19 </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sebaiknya para praktikan lebih teliti dan berhati-hati saat praktikum berlangsung agar tidak terjadi kesalahan yang tidak diinginkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim, 2010. “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Analisis</i>”. Uiversitas Muslim Indonesia: Makassar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Chang, Raymond, 1990. ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar Konsep – Konsep Inti</i>”.Edisi tiga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditjen, POM, 1979. ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia</i>” Edisi III,Depkes RI; Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditjen, POM, 1995. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Farmakope Indonesia</i>”Edisi IV,Depkes RI; Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harmita, 2006. ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisis Kuantitatif Bahan</i>”. Baku Dan Sediaan Farmasi. Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">J, Herman,1988. ”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisis Farmasi</i>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Universitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gadjah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mada: Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Underwood. 1993.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisis Kimia Kuantitatif”</i>. Erlangga : Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SKEMA KERJA </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Kofein 501,6 mg</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</td> <td><img height="544" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="314" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Kofein 501,8 mg</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="9" width="128"><br />
</td> </tr>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-83245821769937769962011-10-15T11:13:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:13:55.707-07:00titrasi asam basa<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">A.Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam bidang farmasi, asidi-alkalimetri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar suatu obat dengan teliti karena dengan titrasi ini, penyimpangan titik ekivalen lebih kecil sehingga lebih mudah untuk mengetahui titik akhir titrasinya yang ditandai dengan suatu perubahan warna, begitu pula dengan waktu yang digunakan seefisien mungkin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asidi-alkalimetri dibagi menjadi dua bagian besar yaitu asidimetri dan alkalimetri. Asidimetri adalah titrasi dengan menggunakan larutan standar asam untuk menentukan basa. Asam-asam yang biasanya dipergunakan adalah HCl, asam cuka, asam oksalat, asam borat. Sedangkan alkalimetri merupakan kebalikan dari asidimetri yaitu titrasi yang menggunakan larutan standar basa untuk menentukan asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu cara dalam penentuan kadar larutan asam basa adalah dengan melalui proses titrasi asidi-alkalimetri. Cara ini cukup menguntungkan karena pelaksanaannya mudah dan cepat, ketelitian dan ketepatannya juga cukup tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam basa dibagi menjadi dua bagian besar yaitu asidimetri dan alkalimetri. Asidimetri adalah titrasi dengan menggunakan larutan standar asam untuk menentukan basa. Asam-asam yang biasanya dipergunakan adalah HCl, asam cuka, asam oksalat, asam borat. Sedangkan alkalimetri merupakan kebalikan dari asidimetri yaitu titrasi yang menggunakan larutan standar basa untuk menentukan asam.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa Yang dimaksud dengan Titrasi asam basa?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara menentukan suatu penetapan kadar pada zat asam-basa?</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Maksud Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui dan mempelajri penetapan kadar suatu zat (asam-basa) berdasarkan reaksi asam-basa.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui kadar suatu zat asam-basa berdasarkan reaksinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui dan memahami cara pembakuan suatu zat dengan metode tertentu.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu menentukan golongan anion pada sampel dengan cara uji pendahuluan dan uji penegasan yang ditandai oleh adanya endapan, pembebasan gas, atau perubahan warna setelah sampel direaksikan dengan reaksi yang spesifik.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Teori Umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam basa sering disebut asidi-alkalimetri, sedang untuk titrasi pengukuran lain-lain sering dipakai akhiran-ometri mengggantikan –imertri. Kata metri berasal dari bahasa yunani yang berarti ilmu proses seni mengukur. I dan O dalm hubungan mengukur sama saja, yaitu dengan atau dari (with atau off). Akhiran I berasal dari kata latin dan O berasal dari kata Yunani. Jadi asidimetri dapat diartikan pengukuran jumlah asam ataupun pngukuran dengan asam (yang diukur dalam jumlah basa atau garam) </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harjadi, W</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 1990)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi penetralan asam basa dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar larutan asam atau larutan basa. Dalam hal ini sejumlah tertentu larutan asam ditetesi dengan larutan basa, atausebaliknya sampai mencapai titik ekuivalen (asam dn basa tepat habis bereaksi). Jika molaritas salah satu larutan (asam atau basa) diketahui, maka molaritas larutan yang satu lagi dapat ditentukan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Michael. 1997).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika larutan asam ditetesi dengan larutan basa maka pH larutan akan naik, sebaliknya jika larutan basa ditetesi dengan larutan asam maka pH larutan akan turun. Grafik yang menyatakan perubahan pH pada penetesan asam dengan basa atau sebaliknya disebut kurva titrasi. Kurva titrasi berbetuk S, yang pada ttik tengahnya merupakan titik ekuivalen</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Michael. 1997).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam basa dapat memberikan titik akhir yang cukup tajam dan untuk itu digunakan pengamatan dengan indikator bil pH pada titik ekuivalen 4-10. Demikian juga titik akhir titrasi akan tajam pada titirasi asam atau basa lemah, jika penitrasian adalah basa atau asam kuat dengan perbandingan tetapan disosiasi asam lebih besar dari 10<sup>4 </sup><sub>.</sub>pH berubah secara drastis bila volume titrannya. Pada reaksi asam basa, proton ditransfer dari satu molekul ke molekul lain. Dalam air proton biasnya tersolvasi sebagai H<sub>3</sub>0. Reaksi asam basa bersifat reversibel. Temperatur mempengaruhi titrasi asam basa, pH dan perubahan warna indikator tergantung secara tidak langsung pada temperatur</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Khopkar, S.M. 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada kedua jenis titrasi diatas, dipergunakan indikator yang sejenis yaitu fenoftalen (PP) dan metil orange (MO). Hal tersebut dilakukan karena jika menggunkan indikator yang lain, misalnya TB, MG atau yang lain, maka trayek pHnya sangat jauh dari ekuivalen(</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Harjadi, W. 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada titrasi asidi-alkalimetri dibagi menjadi dua bagian besar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yaitu (Susanti,1995):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asidimetri. Titrasi inimenggunakan larutan standar asam yang digunakan untuk menentukan basa. Asam asam yang biasa digunakan adalah HCl, asam cuka, sam oksalat, asam borat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 39.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalimeri. Pada titrasi ini merupaka kebalikan dari asidi-alkalimetri karena larutan yang digunakan untuk menentukan asam disini adalah basa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Titirasi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sam-basa erupakan cara yang tepat dan mudah untuk menntukan jumlah senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat asa dan basa. Kebanyakan asam dan basa organik dan organik dapat dititrasi dalam larutan berair, tetapi sebagian senyawa itu terutama senyawa organik tidak larut dalam air. Namun demikian umumnya senyawa organik dapat larut dalam pelarut organik, karena itu senyawa organik itu dapat ditentukan dengan titrasi asam basa dalam pelarut inert. Untuk menentukan asam digunakan larutan baku asam kaut misalnya HCl, sedangkan untuk menentuan basa digunakan larutan basakuat misalnya NaOH. Tiik akhir titrasi biasanya ditetapkan dengan bantuan perubahan indikator asam basa yang sesuai atau dengan bantuan peralatan seperti potensiometri, spektrofotometer, konduktometer</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Rivai, H, 1995).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Uraian Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquadest </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Ditjen POM Edisi III 1979)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Nama Resmi : AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain : Air Suling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rumus molekul : H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Berat Molekul : 18,02 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 134.7pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt 134.7pt; text-indent: -120.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pemerian : Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, tidak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mempunyai rasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 141.75pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: -127.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Penyimpanan :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 141.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: -127.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kegunaan :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai pelarut</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator metil merah (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditjen POM Edisi III 1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 186.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Resmi : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trepoelin / Heliatin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 186.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Lain : Metil Merah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 186.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">RM/BM : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>3</sub>NaO<sub>3</sub>S / 327,33</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 134.7pt; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -110.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Serbuk jingga kekuningan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 134.7pt; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 148.85pt 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -110.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mudah larut dalam air panas, sukar larut dalam air dingin, sangat sukar larut dalam etanol.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 134.7pt; tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 148.85pt 3.0in 276.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -110.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan : Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (Dirjen POM edisi III 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi : NATRII SUBCARBONAS </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain : Natrium bikarbonat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BM / RM : 84,01 / NaHCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian :Serbuk putih atau hablur monoklin kecil,buram,tidak berbau, rasa asin.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan :larut dalam 11 bagian air, praktis tidak larut dalam etanol (95%)P</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan : Sebagai pereaksi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">Penyimpanan : dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">HCl (Dirjen POM Edisi III 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi : ACIDUM HYDROCLORIDUM </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain : Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BM / RM : 36,46 / HCl</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian :Cairan tidak berwarna,berasap, bau merangsang, jika diencerkan dalam 2 bagian air, asap hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan : Mudah larut dalam air </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan : Sebagai pereaksi Lucas</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">Penyimpanan : dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -85.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator Metil Jingga (Dirjen POM Edisi III 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi : Trepoelin/Heliatin </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama lain : Metil Jingga</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BM / RM : C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>3</sub>NaO<sub>3</sub>S / 327,33</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian : Serbuk jingga kekuningan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan : Mudah larut dalam air panas, sukar larut dalam air </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dingin, sangat sukar larut dalam etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan : Sebagai indikator asam basa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">Penyimpanan : dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">NaOH (Dirjen POM edisi III 1979) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama resmi : NATRII HYDROXYDUM</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Lain : Natrium Hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RM / BM : NaOH / 40,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian :Bentuk batang,butiran,kering, keras,dan menunjukkan susunan hablur putih, mudah meleleh, basa, sangat alkalis dan korosif,segera menyerap CO<sub>2</sub>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan : Mudah larut dalam air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan : Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan : Sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fenolftalein</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Dirjen POM edisi III 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama resmi : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Phenolfthalein</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Lain : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenolftalein</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RM / BM : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>/ 318,33</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Serbuk halur puti, putih atu kekuningan, larut dalam etanol, agak sukar larut daam eter</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan : Sukar larut dalam air, larut dalam etanol 95%</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 113.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan : Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 113.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -92.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan : Sebagai larutan indicator</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Prosedur kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Asidimetri : Penentuan Kadar Natrium Bicarbonat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Timbang seksama 1 g natrium bicarbonat, larutkan dalam 20 ml air, tambahkan indicator metal jingga. Titrasi dengan larutan asam klorida 0,5 N. 1 ml klorida 0,5 N setara dengan 25,40 mg natrium bicarbonat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2 . Alkalimetri : Penentuan kadar Asam Salisilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang seksama 400 mg zat uji, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 10 ml Etanol netral, tambahkan 3 tetes indicator pp dan titrasi dengan lurutan NaOH 0,1 N sampai larutan berwarna merah muda. 1 ml NaOH 0,1 N setara dengan 13,81 mg asam salisilat. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat Yang Dipakai</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat-alat yang di perlukan pada percobaan ini antara lain, Botol semprot, Buret,Cawan Porselin, Erlenmeyer, Gelas ukur 50 ml,Gelas kimia 250 ml lap kasar, lap halus,Pipet tetes, statif. Sendok tanduk.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan Yang Digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan-bahan yang di perlukan antara lain, Aquadest, Alumunium Foil, Asam klorida 0,5 M, Asam Salisilat, etanol, Netral.,Indikator PP, Indikator metal jingga, Natrium Bicarbonat, NaOH 0,1 N.Tissu, kertas timbang.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Asidimetri : Penentuan Kadar Natrium Bicarbonat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Timbang seksama 1 g natrium bicarbonat,di larutkan dalam 20 ml air,dan di tambahkan dengan indikator metal jingga. Titrasi dengan larutan asam klorida 0,5 N. 1 ml klorida 0,5 N setara dengan 25,40 mg natrium bicarbonat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2 .Alkalimetri : Penentuan kadar Asam Salisilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt; text-indent: 49.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di timbang seksama 400 mg zat uji, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 10 ml Etanol netral, tambahkan 3 tetes indikator pp dan di titrasi dengan larutan NaOH 0,1 N sampai larutan berwarna merah muda. 1 ml NaOH 0,1 N setara dengan 13,81 mg asam salisilat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Tabel Pengamatan</span></b></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asidimetri</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalimetri</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer I</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10,1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20,2</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">13,8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20,45</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 4.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 4.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer I</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.8pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.0pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.25pt;" valign="top" width="179"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">23,2</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 42.55pt 127.6pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini digunakan sampel natrium </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karbonat untuk ditetapkan kadarnya secara asidimetri dan asam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">salisilat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk metode alkalimetri. Asidi-alkalimetri merupakan suatu metode netralisasi. Natrium </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karbonat adalah suatu senyawa yang bersifat basa, sehingga untuk menentukan kadarnya digunakan larutan baku asam yaitu, HCl baku </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">0,5 N</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, sedang pada alkalimetri digunakan larutan baku NaOH untuk menentukan kadar asam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">salisilat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dalam larutan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum dititrasi, sampel dilarutkan dalam etanol netral dengan maksud agar etanol yang digunakan sebagai pelarut tersebut tidak ikut bereaksi sewaktu dilakukan tirasi asam basa. Setelah ditambahkan etanol larutan harus segera ditutup dengan almunium foil agar etanol tidak menguap, karena pada dasarnya alkohol memiliki sifat mudah menguap.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk asidimetri digunakan indikator metil jingga yang mempunyai pH 8,1-10. Indikator ini berwarna merah dalam suasana basa dan tidak berwarna dalam suasana asam, sehingga digunakan untuk penetapan kadar asam salisilat. Indikator lain tidak digunakan karena pHnya akan akan sangat jauh dari titik ekuivalen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada asidimetri ini digunakan metode titrasi asam basa secara langsung. Titrasi dilakukan pada saat larutan sampel mencapai titik ekuivalen yang ditandai dengan perubahan warna larutan yaitu dari kuning menjadi merah muda pada asidimetri dan dari tidak berwarna menjadi merah muda pada alkalimetri. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan volume titran yang diperoleh pada masing-masing titrasi tersebut maka dapat ditentukan kadar sampel yang terdapat dalam larutan. Dengan menentukan rumus untuk penentuan persen kadar maka diperoleh persen kadar rata-rata untuk natrium</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> bi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karbonat adalah sebesar </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10,1, dan 13,8% dan kadar rata-rata untuk asam salisilat adalah sebesar 20,2 dan 20,45%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan literatur, diketahui bahwa kadar natrium </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karbonat adalah tidak kurang dari 99,5% dan kadar asam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">salisilat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebesar 95-98% . Hal tersebut tidak sesuai dengan hasil percobaan yang dilakukan. Kesalahan ini mungkin disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya kesalahan dalam menentukan titik akhir titrasi, dimana titrasi ditentukan tidak tepat sebelum atau sesudah titik ekuivalen, ketidaktelitian dalam dalm membaca skala alat ukur</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,pemberian air dalam melarutkan larutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> serta kesalahan dalam melakukan penimbangan /penentuan berat sampel yang digunakan dalam titrasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil percobaan asidimetri dan alkalimetri yang dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar Asam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">salisilat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan kadar Natrium </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bikarbonat </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah 82,404%. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hendaknya para asisten mendampingi para praktikan selama praktikum berlangsung sehingga apabila ada hal-hal yang tidak di mengerti oleh praktikan asisten bias langsung memberikan arahan apa yang seharusnya di lakukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Harjadi, W. (1990. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ilmu Kimia Analitik Dasar</b>. Gramedia: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Purba, Michael. 1997. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Buku Pelajaran Ilmu Kimia Untuk SMU kelas 2</b>. Erlangga: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Khopkar, S.M. 1990. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik</b>. UI Press: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rivai, H. 1990. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia</b>. UI Press: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Susanti, S. 1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Analisis Kimia Farmasi Kualitatif</b>. LEPHAS: Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DitjenPOM. 1979. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-III</b>. Departemen Kesehatan RI: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DitjenPOM. 1995. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-IV</b>. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. 2011. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik</i></b>. Universitas Muslim Indonesia:Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span class="nw"><span style="color: #363639;">BAB IV</span></span></div><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span class="nw"><span style="color: #363639;">SISTEM REPRODUKSI</span></span></div><div class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span class="nw"><span style="color: #363639;">Pada hewan betina yang dewasa seksual dikenal adanya siklus</span></span><span style="color: #363639;"> <span class="nw">reproduksi.</span><span class="ib"> </span><span class="nw">Siklus reproduksi adalah siklus seksual yang terdapat pada</span> <span class="nw">individu betina dewasa seksual dan tidak hamil</span> <span class="nw">yang meliputi</span> <span class="nw">perubahan-perubahan siklik pada organ-organ reproduksi tertentu</span> <span class="nw">misalnya ovarium, uterus, dan vagina di bawah pengendalian hormon</span> <span class="nw">reproduksi.</span><span class="ib"> </span><span class="nw">Siklus reproduksi meliputi antara lain siklus esterus, siklus</span> <span class="nw">ovarium, dan siklus menstruasi.</span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. SIKLUS ESTRUS </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada kebanyakan vertebrata dengan pengecualian primata, kemauan menerima hewan-hewan jantan terbatas selama masa yang disebut estrus atau berahi. Selama estrus, hewan-hewan betina secara fisiologis dan psikologis dipersiapkan untuk menerima hewan-hewan jantan, dan perubahan-perubahan struktural terjadi di dalam organ assesori seks betina. Hewan-hewan monoestrus menyelesaikan satu siklus estrus setiap tahun, sedangkan hewan-hewan poliestrus menyelesaikan dua atau lebih siklus estrus setiap tahun apabila tidak diganggu dengan kehamilan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus estrus adalah siklus reproduksi yang berlangsung pada hewan non primata betina dewasa seksual yang tidak hamil. Pada mencit, siklus estrus terdiri atas beberapa fase utama adalah fase diestrus, fase proestrus, fase estrus, dan fase metestrus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.75pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Fase diestrus, adalah fase yang ditandai dengan adanya sel-sel epitel berinti dalam jumlah yang sangat sedikit dan leukosit dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Lamanya fase ini kurang lebih 55 jam (Billet dan Wild, 1975) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.75pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Fase proestrus, adalah fase yang ditandai dengan adanya sel-sel epitel berinti berbentuk bulat, leukosit tidak ada atau sangat sedikit. Lamanya fase ini kurang lebih 18 jam (Billet dan Wild, 1975) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.75pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Fase estrus, adalah fase yang ditandai dengan adanya sel-sel epitel menanduk yang sangat banyak, dan beberapa sel epitel dengan inti yang berdegenerasi. Lamanya fase ini kurang lebih 25 jam (Billet dan Wild, 1975). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.5pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Fase metestrus adalah fase yang ditandai dengan adanya sel-sel epitel menanduk dan leukosit yang banyak. Lamanya fase ini kurang lebih 8 jam (Billet dan Wild, 1975). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase-fase siklus estrus dapat didentifikasi dengan membuat apusan vagina. Pengamatan terhadap sitologi apusan vagina dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Aplikasi uji apusan vagina dapat digunakan untuk menentukan aktivitas esterogenik suatu bahan .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat hewan berada pada fase diestrus, maka pada saat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu hewan-hewan tersebut tidak aktif secara seksual. Semua hewan mamalia betina kecuali primat tingkat tinggi, kopulasi hanya dimungkinkan berlangsung pada periode tertentu di dalam setiap siklus estrusnya. Periode dimana secara psikologis dan fisiologis hewan betina bersedia menerima pejantan dinamakan berahi atau estrus. Ketika berahi, seekor betina berada pada status psikologis yang berbeda secara jelas dibandingkan dengan sisa periode di luar berahi di dalam siklus. Pejantan biasanya tidak menunjukkan perhatian seksual pada betina di luar masa berahi, dan bila pejantan akan mengawini betina, maka hewan betina akan menolak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat korelasi antara keadaan fisiologis dengan kejadian- kejadian endokrin reproduksi. Manifestasi berahi ditimbulkan oleh hormon seks betina, yaitu esterogen yang dihasilkan oleh folikel-folikel ovarium. Pemberian esterogen secara eksogen pada hewan betina dapat menimbulkan berahi pada hamper setiap saat selama periode siklus estrus, bahkan pada hewan betina yang diovariektomi (Nalbandov, 1990).Banyak hewan ketika berahi menjadi sangat aktif. Babi dan sapi pada saat berahi berjalan empat atau lima kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan sisa masa siklusnya. Aktivitas yang tinggi ini disebabkan oleh esterogen. Tikus yang berada di dalam kandang berlari secara spontan jauh lebih banyak ketika berahi dibandingkan selama diestrus (Nalbandov, 1990). Sikluis estrus berhubungan erat dengan perubahan organ-organ reproduksi yang berlangsung pada hewan betina. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Vagina </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama masa estrus atau berahi atau perkembangan folikel yang maksimal, serviks mensekresi lender dalam jumlah terbesar dan tercair; atau kalau pada manusia terdapat pada saat ovulasi. Lendir serviks memiliki pH 6,6 s/d 7,5 (Pada sapi rata-rata 6,9), dan pH ini kira-kira tetap stabil sepanjang siklus. Sperma tetap dapat hidup dalam serviks (72 jam pada wanita), jauh lebih baik dibandingkan di dalam vagina yang hanya dalam beberapa jam saja sperma sudah tidak dapat bergerak. pH vagina bersifat alkalis tetapi diantara individu menunjukkan variasi yang luas dan juga terdapat variasi yang luas di dalam siklus. Pada sapi, pH vagihna bervariasi antara 7,5 s/d 8,5. Pada semua species hewan yang telah diselidiki (sapi, kuda, wanita dan tikus), vagina menjadi lebih alkalis selama fase tidak birahi (diestrus bagi hewan non primat) dan menjadi lebih asam selama berahi. Perubahan pH ini disebabkan oleh esterogen telah dapat ditunjukkan dengan injeksi hormon pada wanita dan sapi yang diovariektomi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tikus dan mencit, perubahan-perubahan yang berlangsung pada vagina meliputi perubahan histologi epitel yang tergambar pada saat dilakukan pengamatan apusan vagina. Epitel vagina secara siklik dirusak dan dibentuk kembali selama siklus, bervariasi dari bentuk skuama berlapis hingga kuboid rendah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe-tipe epithelium yang mendominasi preparat apusan vagina memberikan petunjuk apakah epitel vagina sedang distimulasi atau tidak oleh esterogen. Perubahan- perubahan hisdtologi vagina terjadi pada semua mamalia betina selama siklus estrus. Teknik preparat apusan vagina sangat bermanfaat terutama pada species yang memiliki siklus estrus pendek (mencit dan tikus), karena pada species ini , histology vagina dapat mencerminkan kejadian-kejadian pada ovarium dengan tepat (Nalbandov, 1990). Pada species dengan siklus yang lebih panjang seperti wanita dan hewan domestikasi, akan mengalami keterlambatan satu sampai beberepa hari dari perubahan ovarium. Kecuali itu, betina dengan siklus panjang menunjukkan variasi individu yang sangat nyata dan menyebabkan aplikasi teknik apusan vagina kurang tepat dan kurang berguna (Nalbandov, 1990). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Uterus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila dilakukan pengamatan terhadap perubahan-perubahan histologi dan morfologi uterus selama siklus, maka akan ditemukan bahwa ukuran maupun histology uterus tidak pernah statis. Perubahan yang sangat nyata terjadi di endometrium dan kelenjarnya. Selama fase folikuler dari siklus estrus, kelenjar uterus sederhana dan lurus dengan sedikit cabang. Penampilan kelenjar uterus ini menandakan untuk stimulasi esterogen. Selama fase luteal, yakni saat progeteron beraksi terhadap uterus, endometrium bertambah tebal secara mencolok. Diameter dan panjang kelenjar meningkat secara cepat, menjadi bercabang-vabang dan berkelok-kelok. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Ovarium </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puncak peristiwa siklus estrus adalah pecahnya folikel dan terlepasnya ovum dari ovarium. Pada sapi, 75% mengalami ovulasi 12 s/d 14 jam setelah berahi berakhir; yang lain mengalami ovulasi lebih awal, yaitu 2,5 jam sebelum berahi berakhir. Pada wanita akan mengalami ovulasi kira-kira hari ke 14 dari siklus. Pada beberapa hewan, variasi saat ovulasi tidak jelas. Hampir mayoritas kelinci tanpa memperhatikan bangsanya, ovulasiterjadi 10 s/d 11 jam setelah kopulasi atau sesudah injeksi dengan hormone yang mengindukdi ovulasi. Pada tikus dan mencit, panjang siklus dan saat ovulasi sangat konstan pada setiap macam strain (Nalbandov, 1990). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. SIKLUS MENSTRUASI </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus menstruasi adalah siklus reproduksi yang berlangsung pada hewan primata betina dewasa seksual yang ditandai dengan adanya haid. Pada manusia menstruasi biasanya ber-akhir pada umur di atas 45 hingga 50 tahun, periode ini biasa disebut periode monopause. Lama siklus menstruasi biasanya kurang lebih 28 hari. Siklus menstruasi biasanya dimulai antara usia 12 dan 15 tahun. Periode ini biasa disebut periode menarch, dan terus berlangsung hingga mencapai periode menopause. Siklus menstruasi terdiri atas 3 fase yaitu fase proliferasi, fase sekresi dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fase menstruasi. Fase proliferasi merupakan fase dimana kelenjar endometrium mengalami pertumbuhan sebagai akibat berlangsungnya pembelahan sel secara berulang-ulang. Fase ini bertepatan dengan perkembangan folikel ovarium dan pembentukan hormone esterogen yang diproduksi oleh sel-sel folikel. Pada fase ini kadar hormon esterogen di dalam plasma darah meningkat. Pada akhir fase ini performance kelenjar tampak lurus, lumen sempit dan sel-sel mulai mengakumulasi glikogen pada daerah disekitar inti, arteri spiralis memanjang dan berkelok-kelok. Fase sekresi atau fase luteal dimulai setelah ovulasi dan sangat tergantung pada pembentukan korpus luteum yang mensekresikan progesteron. Progesteron bekerja merangsang sel-sel kelenjar untuk bersekresi. Kelenjar menjadi berkelok-kelok karena lumennya melebar akibat bahan sekret yang terakumulasi di dalamnya. Pada fase ini endometrium mencapai tebal yang maksimum sebagai akibat penimbunan bahan sekret dan terjadinya oedema stroma. Selama fase ini pembelahan mitosis mulai sangat menurun, sementara itu pemanjangan dan berkelok-keloknya arteri spiralis terus berlangsung dan meluas ke bagian superfisial endometrium. Fase menstruasi terjadi bila ovum tidak dibuahi sehingga tidak </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ada implantasi. Tidak adanya implantasi menyebabkan tidak terbentuknya plasenta. Tidak adanya plasenta menyebabkan tidak terbentuknyahuman chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), sehingga tidak ada yang memelihara korpus luteum. Akibatnya korpus luteum berdegenerasi. Degenerasi korpus luteum menjadi korpus albican<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan produksi progesteron menurun secara drastis hingga mencapai kadar yang tidak mempu mempertahankan penebalan endometrium. Akibatnya terjadi penyusutan dan peluruhan endomet- rium (Junqueiro dan Carneiro, 1982). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada akhir fase sekresi, dinding arteri spiralis berkonstraksi, menutup aliran darah dan menimbulkan iskemia yang mengakibatkan kematian (nekrosis) endometrium. Pada stadium ini, deskuamasi endometrium dan rupture pembuluh-pembuluh darah di atas konstriksi berlangsung dan perdarahan mulai timbul (Junqueiro dan Carneiro, 1982). Endometrium sebagian lepas. Jumlah yang hilang pada setiap wanita tidak sama, bahkan pada wanita yang sama pada waktu yang berlainan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya panjang siklus menstruasi rata-rata berkisar 28 hari. Menstruasi adalah peristiwa keluarnya darah dari vagina. Darah haid berasal dari lumen uterus dan timbul akibat terlepasnya bagian lapisan fungsional dari endometrium yang sebelumnya dipersiapkan untuk menerima sel telur yang telah dibuahi atau zygot. Lama menstruasi berkisar 2- 6 hari. Jangka waktu dari hari pertama haid sampai hari pertama haid berikutnya disebut daur haid atau siklus menstruasi. Siklus menstruasi dianggap normal apabila berlangsung diantara 21-45 hari lamanya, dan dikatakan teratur bilamana perbedaan dalam daur haid yang dialami seorang wanita tidak lebih dari satu minggu lamanya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan-perubahan selama siklus menstruasi sangat erat kaitannya dengan perubahan-perubahan yang berlangsung di dalam ovarium. Perubahan-perubahan yang berlangsung pada ovarium meliputi tiga tahap adalah (i) pra ovulasi (ii) ovulasi, dan (iii) pasca ovulasi. Tahap pra ovulasi adalah jangka waktu antara hari pertama haid sampai saat ovulasi. Lamanya tahap praovulasi dapat berubah- ubah pada seseorang dan berbeda diantara para wanita. Tahap pasca ovulasi adalah jangka waktu antara ovulasi sampai hari pertama haid berikutnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada hari-hari terakhir sebelum ovulasi, folikel Graaf bertambah besar dengan cepat dibawah pengaruh FSH dan LH, dan membesar hingga mencapai garis tengah 15 mm. Bertepatan dengan Sperkembangan terakhir folikel Graaf, oosit primer, dimana pada saat itu masih dalam tahap diktioten melanjutkan dan mengahiri pembelahan miosis pertamanya. Sementara itu permukaan ovarium menonjol setempat tanpa pembuluh darah dan disebut stigma. Sebagai akibat kelemahan setempat dan degenerasi dari permukaan ovarium, cairan folikel merembes keluar melalui stigma yang berangsur-angsur membuka. Bila cairan yang keluar semakin banyak, tekanan di dalam folikel semakin berkurang dan oosit bersama sel cumulus ooforus yang mengelilinginya terlepas dan hanyut meninggalkan ovarium. Beberapa diantara sel-sel cumulus ooforus tersebut kemudian menyusun diri di sekeliling zona pellusida dan membentuk corona radiate. Pada saat oosit dengan cumulus ooforusnya dikeluarkan dari ovarium (ovulasi), pembelahan miosis pertama berakhir dan oosit sekunder memulai pembelahan miosis kedua (Sadler, 1988) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.95pt;"><span style="color: #363639; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada beberapa wanita, ovulasi disertai dengan sedikit rasa nyeri, dikenal dengan nama nyeri tengah, karena peristiwa itu normal terjadi dekat pertengahan daur menstruasi. Pada umumnya ovulasi juga disetai dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh, suatu peristiwa yang dapat diamati untuk membantu penentuan saat terjadinya ovulasi (Sadler, 1988) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-39264284766417378972011-10-15T11:11:00.002-07:002011-10-15T11:11:29.099-07:00siklus DBD<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUGAS BIOLOGI SEL DAN MOLEKUL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SIKLUS DBD</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="227" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nama <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: BAJIL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: L.1</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stambuk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 150 2010 063</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MAKASSAR </span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklus Demam Berdarah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demam Berdarah Dengue (baca : Denggi), atau disingkat DBD, atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk <i>Aedes aegypti</i> betina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus DBD ini terdiri dari 4 macam dan saling terkait satu sama lain, yaitu tipe DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 dan DEN-4. Jika seseorang pernah mengidap DBD karena 1 tipe virus, bukan berarti orang ini menjadi kebal/imun dengan tipe virus yang lain. Jadi, seseorang bisa terkena DBD hingga 4 kali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala DBD kadang mirip dengan penyakit lainnya yaitu adanya demam tinggi yang mendadak sekitar 39-40 derajat Celcius. Demam ini akan turun pada hari ketiga atau keempat dimana penderita akan merasa lebih baik padahal sebenarnya inilah fase-fase kritis, dan akan muncul kembali pada hari keenam dan ketujuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.mahmara.com/?p=52"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://lachicchattenoir.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/siklus-dbd.jpg?w=300&h=148" border="0" height="148" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="300" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada hari ketiga akan terjadi pengeluaran plasma darah yang ditandai dengan tubuh loyo dan panas tubuh yang menurun. Inilah kondisi kritis pasien dan jika tidak ditangani secara tepat dapat menyebabkan kematian karena kondisi tubuh yang semakin menurun serta pendarahan yang semakin hebat. Oleh karena itu, kenali dengan jelas ciri-ciri DBD sehingga anda dapat memberikan pertolongan yang tepat kepada penderita.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun yang patut diwaspadai adalah bila demam itu diikuti dengan nyeri di bagian belakang mata, nyeri pada otot dan persendian dan timbul bercak-bercak merah pada kulit. Gejala ini umumnya timbul 4-6 hari setelah terinfeksi oleh virus. Untuk kondisi yang lebih parah, pasien bisa mengalami nyeri perut dan muntah-muntah. Pada sebagian besar penderita, akan muncul juga pendarahan yang terjadi di gusi, kulit, hidung dan juga pendarahan besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlu diingat bahwa sampai saat ini penyakit DBD belum ada obatnya. Vaksin DBD kabarnya pun masih dalam proses pengembangan. Yang bisa dilakukan hanyalah merawat pasien agar kondisi tubuhnya jangan terus menurun dengan cara istirahat, minum obat penurun panas (Paracetamol) 3 x sehari selama badan penderita masih panas dan hentikan bila sudah tidak panas lagi, mengonsumsi makanan yang bergizi, dan minum sebanyak-banyaknya untuk mengurangi pengentalan darah akibat plasma darah yang banyak keluar saat terjadi pendarahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan pula oralit atau cairan elektrolit untuk mencegah dehidrasi dan jus buah jambu untuk memperbanyak pembentukan trombosit darah sebagai ganti trombosit darah yang hilang akibat dari pendarahan atau pecahnya pembuluh darah. Pemberian Vitamin atau multivitamin juga dianjurkan untuk menambah kuat daya tahan tubuh dan juga menambah nafsu makan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makin kuat daya tahan tubuh, makin besar kemungkinan seseorang dapat menghambat perkembangan virus DBD dalam tubuh. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DBD dapat timbul pada orang yang tinggal di daerah pinggiran terutama yang hidup di daerah kumuh. Umumnya menyerang anak-anak karena sistim imun pada anak-anak tidaklah sekuat orang dewasa. Namun virus tersebut tidak akan mempengaruhi orang-orang yang memiliki daya tahan tubuh yang prima yang akan menghambat perkembangbiakan virus Dengue dalam tubuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh karena itu, istirahat yang cukup, makan teratur dan olahraga dapat membantu kita untuk menghindar dari penyakit. Jangan lupa pula untuk menjaga kebersihan dan menutup semua lubang yang berair untuk mencegah perkembangbiakan nyamuk pembawa virus Dengue tersebut.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Perkembangan nyamuk <strong>demam berdarah dengue</strong> dari telur sampai dewasa memerlukan waktu kurang lebih 10 s/d 12 hari. Hanya nyamuk betina saja yang menggigit manusia karena nyamuk betina butuh suplemen untuk mematangkan telornya dan kebutuhan untuk itu hanya ada di dalam darah. Sedangkan nyamuk jantan memakan sari tumbuhan ( bunga ). Umur rata-rata nyamuk <em>Aedes Aegypti </em>sekitar 1,5 bulan tergantung pada suhu dan kelembaban. Kemampuan terbangnya berkisar 40-100 m dari tempat perkembang biakannya. Anda perhatikan bahwa nyamuk mempunyai tempat beristirahat yang favorit pada benda-benda yang bergantungan di dalam rumah kita, yaitu pada : gordyn, kelambu, gantungan baju, sela lemari dan kolong tempat tidur.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em>GAMBAR SIKLUS</em></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: Siklus Nyamuk" border="0" height="223" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="300" /></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberantasan penyakit DBD dan malaria di Indonesia merupakan bagian dari program pemberantasan penyakit tular vektor yang hingga saat ini masih bermasalah karena belum bisa ditangani dengan tuntas. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh infeksi virus dengue dan parasit plasmodium yang ditularkan dari orang yang sakit kepada orang sehat melalui gigitan nyamuk penular atau vektor yaitu nyamuk <i>Aedes aegypti</i> dan <i>Anopheles sp</i>. Virus dengue ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk <i>Aedes</i> dari <i>subgenus Stegomya</i>. Diketahui ada 4 tipe vitus penyebab DBD yaang termasuk ke dalam kelompok <i>Anthropod Borne Virus</i> atau arbivirus yaitu dengue 1 sampai 4. dengue 3 merupakan tipe yang paling luas penyebarannya dan sangat berkaitan dengan kasus yang paling berat, diikuti dengan dengue 2, dengue 1 dan dengue 4. Di Indonesia dikenal ada 3 jenis nyamuk <i>Aedes</i> yang bisa menularkan penyakit DBD yaitu <i>Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus</i> dan <i>Aedes scutelaris</i>. Dari ketiga jenis nyamuk ini <i>Aedes aegypti</i> merupakan nyamuk yang paling berperan dalam penularan penyakit ini. Nyamuk berukuran kecil berwarna dasar hitam dengan belang-belang putih dan mempunyai siklus hidup yang sempurna mulai dari stadium telur, larva, pupa (hidup di air) dan stadium dewasa yang hidup beterbangan disekitar kita (Gambar 1). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: nurhayati2-1" border="0" height="263" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="354" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 1. Siklus hidup vektor DBD </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
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Nyamuk vektor penyakit malaria adalah beberapa spesies <i>Anopheles sp</i> yang menggigit manusia dengan membawa parasit plasmodium pada kelenjar ludahnya. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh infeksi plasmodium yang sampai saat ini belum ditemukan obat yang pasti (sudah resisten) maupun vaksinnya. Diketahui terdapat 4 spesies parasit penyebab malaria yaitu <i>Plasmodium ovale, P. malariae, P. vivak</i> dan <i>P. falciparum</i>. Yang paling ganas adalah <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, karena dapat menyebabkan kematian, terutama pada anak-anak balita dan ibu hamil. <br />
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Penanggulangan yang dianggap efektif untuk saat ini adalah pemberantasan nyamuk dengan insektisida, pengobatan penderita dan peningkatan kekebalan <i>host</i> (manusia). Akan tetapi usaha ini pada kenyataannya banyak menimbulkan masalah yaitu resistensi vektor terhadap insektisida, matinya hewan non target, dan banyaknya obat malaria yang sudah resisten terhadap plasmodium. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka penggunaan Teknik Serangga Mandul (TSM) dapat dianggap sebagai solusi yang tepat dan potensial untuk memberikan konstribusi dalam pengendalian penyakit DBD dan malaria ini. Proses pemandulan nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik nuklir yaitu irradiasi dengan sinar gamma. <br />
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Prinsip dasar TSM meliputi pemeliharaan vektor secara masal, orientasi dosis mandul, observasi dinamika populasi, pelepasan serangga mandul ke lapang (<i>over flooding</i>) dan pemantauan populasi. Untuk keperluan TSM ini diperlukan koloni nyamuk secara terus menerus selama program berlangsung. Dalam pelaksanaan TSM akan lebih baik bila dikombinasikan dengan pengendalian vektor secara terpadu, seperti penggunaan insektisida, penerapan 3M, pemakaian kasa di rumah, penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida, perbaikan sanitasi, pemeliharaan predator dll. TSM merupakan teknik pengendalian vektor yang aman bagi lingkungan baik secara tersendiri maupun terpadu dengan teknik pengendalian yang lain. <br />
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Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah: mengembangkan teknik nuklir untuk mengendalikan populasi nyamuk <i>Aedes sp</i> dan <i>Anopeles sp</i> sebagai vektor penyakit DBD dan malaria melalui metode TSM. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah penguasaan metode TSM untuk pengendalian populasi nyamuk <i>Aedes aegypti</i> dan <i>Anopheles sp</i> sebagai vektor penyakit DBD dan malaria untuk memutuskan siklus penyebarannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://www.aio.co.id/index.php/healthy/detail/6"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.aio.co.id/index.php/healthy/detail/6</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><a href="http://pusatmedis.com/demam-berdarah-dengue_84.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://pusatmedis.com/demam-berdarah-dengue_84.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-3627634704657528682011-10-15T11:11:00.000-07:002011-10-15T11:11:00.979-07:00senyawa karbon<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa hidrokarbon merupakan persenyawaan yang paling banyak di gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahkan tubuh manusia sendiri yang terdiri dari tulang-tulang, daging, otot darah, urat, enzim dan lain-lain, ini semuanya adalah tersusun dari senyawa-senyawa karbon. Begitu juga dengan bahan makanan yang harus kita konsumsi seperti karbohidrat, protein, lemak, vitamin-vitamin dan lain sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa organik seperti hidrokarbon yaitu senyawa yang terdiri dari hidrogen dan karbon terdapat dalam berbagai jenis dan struktur molekul yang berbeda-beda. Begitu pula sifat fisik serta sifat kimianya. Untuk itulah dibutuhkan beberapa reaksi-reaksi agar senyawa dapat diidentifikasi. Pengenalan senyawa-senyawa ini berfungsi dalam berbagai bidang khususnya dalam bidang pengobatan, yakni untuk menentukan zat penyusun obat serta efek maupun khasiatnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam percobaan ini, dilakukan beberapa reaksi karbon seperti reaksi, polimerisasi, redoks, pengesteran,dan iodoform. Dari reaksi-reaksi ini digunakan untuk mengenali jenis hidrokarbon khususnya dalam suatu</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">obat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. Rumusan Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apa saja reaksi yang terjadi pada senyawa karbon?</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C. Maksud Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in 63.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Untuk mempelajari beberapa aspek yang terkait dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">reaksi senyawa hidrokarbon seperti reaksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">adisi,polimerisasi,esterifikasi,redoks,dan yodoform.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D. Tujuan Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in 63.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui reaksi polimerisasi,reaksi esterifikasi,reaksi redoks,dan reaksi iodoform dari senyawa hidrokarbon.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">E. Manfaat Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah melakukan praktikum ini,diharapkan para praktikan mampu membedakan reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi pada senyawa karbon,misalnya reaksi polimerisasi,esterifikasi,redoks,dan yodoform.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 300%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></h1><h1 style="line-height: 250%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></h1><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.Teori Umum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa organik yang paling sederhana terbentuk dari dua elemen yakni hidrogen dan karbon. Ada tiga kelompok utama dari senyawa hidrokarbon yaitu hidrokarbon jenuh (saturated), tak jenuh (unsaturated) dan aromatik. Pembagian ini di dasarkan pada jenis ikatan antara karbon-karbon (Tim Dosen Kimia. (2002),).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa organik menunjukkan sifat kimia dan fisika yang sangat berbeda karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strukturnya yang berdeba. Beberapa diantaranya berwujud padat, sebagian berwujud cair dan ada pula gas. Ada yang rasanya manis, ada pula yang asam. Ada yang beracun, ada yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan. Untuk memahami berbagai sifat molekulnya perlu diketahui strukturnya (</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Wilbraham, C, Antony (1992) )</span></div><h3><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa hidrokarbon jenuh</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Golongan senyawa ini disebut senyawa hidrokarbon jenuh sebab hanya disusun oleh atom C dan H saja, dimana semua valensi dari C telah jenuh denga H. Golongan senyawa ini disebut pula paraffin yang berarti senyawa yang memiliki affinitas kecil, sebab golongan senyawa ini sukar bereaksi. Rumus umum senyawa ini C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>.( Respati. (1980).)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selain senyawa hidrokarbon terdapat pula senyawa karbon lainnya seperti Alkohol, Aldehid maupun Asam Karboksilat yang mempunyai gugus fungsi dan disebut juga turunan dari alkana.</span></div><h3><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa hidrokarbon tak jenuh</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alkena adalah suatu hidrokarbon yang mengandung satu atau lebih ikatan rangkap dua karbon-karbon. Alkena dikenal pula sebagai olifin dari kata olivine yaitu gas yang membentuk minyak. Suatu alkuna adalah suatu hidrokarbon yang mengandung ikatan rangkap tiga karbon-karbon. Kedua kelompok senyawa ini disebut hidrokarbon tidak jenuh karena memiliki atom hidrokarbon perkarbon yang lebih sedikit disbanding alkana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rumus umum alkena C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub> dan rumus umum alkuna C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub> (Tim Dosen Kimia. (2002),).</span></div><h3><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa Hidrogen Aromatik</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada permulaan abad ke 19 banyak ditemukan senyawa-senyawa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organic yang mempunyai bau atau aroma yang karakteristik, terutama yang berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan. Penggolongan senyawa menurut aromanya disebut juga senyawa aromatik yang dkenal luas yaitu benzena.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benzena sendiri pertama-tama diketemukan oleh faraday pada tahun 1825 dalam residu yang berupa cairan dari gas pembakaran. Dari penyelidikannya ia menemukan bahwa senyawa tersebut mempunyai rumus perbandingan C—H dan dari berat molekulnya diketahui bahwa rumus molekulnya C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (Respati. (1980).)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 24.0pt 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alkohol merupakan kelompok senyawa organik yang cukup populer dan rumus molekulnya secara umum dapat dituliskan sebagai R-OH, dengan R- adalah gugus alkil dan gugus hidroksil –OH sebagai gugus fungsi. Fenol mempunyai struktur yang hampir mirip dengan alkohol tetapi gugus fungsinya melekat langsung pada cincin aromatik. Dan dengan Ar- (sebagai aril) maka rumus umum fenol dituliskan Ar-OH (Fessenden ( 1997)).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 24.0pt 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aldehida dan keton adalah senyawa-senyawa yang mengandung salah satu dari gugus-gugus penting di dalam kimia organik, yaitu gugus karbonil C=O. Semua senyawa yang mengandung gugus ini disebut karbonil. Aldehida dapat dibuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari oksidasi lemah alcohol primer. Oksidator yang digunakan adalah kalium dikromat dalam suasana asam.( Karyadi; Benny; (1997),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon dapat terjadi reaksi-reaksi antara lain:( Pine, Stanley H. (1998)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi Polimerisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Polimerisasi umumnya terdiri atas dua macam, yaitu polimerisasi reaksi rantai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan polimerisasi reaksi tahap. Pada reaksi rantai, masing-masing reaksi bergantung pada reaksi sebelumnya untuk menyediakan pusat reaktif. Monomer digunakan di seluruh proses polimerisasi. Panjang rantai polimer bergantung reaksi tertentu dan keadaan polimerisasi. Sedangkan setiap reaksi dalam polimerisasi reaksi tahap pada hakekatnya tidak bergantung pada reaksi sebelumnya. Monomer bereaksi satu dengan yang lain menghasilkan dimer, trimer, dan oligomer yang lebih besar, yang masing-masing masih menahan gugus fungsi yang reaktif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reaksi Pengesteran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reaksi pengesteran adalah reaksi pembentukan ester antara alkohol dengan asam karboksilat misalnya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>І І<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>І І</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 220px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 14px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="14" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 268px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 63px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="63" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub> C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>—C—O—C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Etanol<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Etiletanoat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi Redoks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Oksidasi dan reduksi tidak mewakili golongan reaksi terpisah, mereka lebih mewakili perubahan yang mungkin mengikuti adisi, subtitusi atau eliminasi. Senyawa organik juga mengalami reaksi redoks, akan tetapi perpindahan elektron biasanya tidak diselesaikan dalam proses. Suatu perubahan dalam ikatan kovalen antara beberapa atom dengan keelektronegatifan berbeda terjadi.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Uraian Bahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Natrum Hidroksida (Direktur Jendral POM, (1979),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Natrii Hyroxidum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Natrium Hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 147.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -93.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kandungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:Mengandung tidak kurang dari 95,0% dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak lebih dari 100,5% alkali jumlah dihitung sebagai NaOH, mengandung Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak lebih dari 3,0%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 147.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -93.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Putih atau praktis putih, masa melebur, berbentuk pellet, serpihan atau batang atau bentuk lain. Keras rapuh dan menunjukkan pecahan hablur. Bila dibiarkan di udara, akan cepat menyerap karbondioksida dan lembab.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Mudah larut dalam air dan dalam etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam Asetat (Direktur Jendral POM, (1979),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Acidum Aceticum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Asam asetat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus molekul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berat molekul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 60,05</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kandungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Mengandung tidak kurang dari 36,0% dan tidak lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari 37,0%b/b C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, bau khas, menusuk, rasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam yang tajam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Dapat bercampur dengan air, etanol dan gliserol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asam Sulfat (Direktur Jendral POM, (1979),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Acidum sulfuricum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berat molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 98,07</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kandungan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Mengandung tidak kurang dari 95,0% dan tidak lebih dari 98,0%b/b H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4.</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, seperti minyak, tidak berwarna, bau sangat tajam dan korosif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bercampur dengan air dan etanol, dengan menimbulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>panas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pemberi suasana asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Air suling (Direktur Jendral POM, (1979),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Aquades, air suling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berat molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 18,02</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tak berbau, tidak mempunyai rasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in left 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Iodium (Direktur Jendral POM, (1979),)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Iodum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rumus molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: I</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berat molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 126, 91</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kandungan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,5% I</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Keping atau butir, berat, mengkilat, seperti logam, bau khas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Larut dalam lebih kurang 3500 bagian air, dalam 13 bagian etanol (95%), dalam lebih kurang 80 bagian gliserol P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Pembuat iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt .5in .75in 2.0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -153.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C.Prosedur Kerja (Anonim;2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi polimerisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ke dalam sebuah tabung reaksi masukkan 2 ml asetaldehid 1:1. Tambahkan ke dalam tabung tersebut 2 ml larutan NaOH 2M. Panaskan tabung perlahan-lahan dan amati perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.0pt list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi pengesteran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Isi tabung reaksi dengan 2 ml alkohol 50%, 2 ml asam asetat 6 Mdan 5 tetes asam sulfat pekat. Panaskan tabung reaksi ini selama beberapa menit, Kemudian tuang isinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke dalam tabung reaksi lain yang sudah diisi dengan 3 ml air, Cium bau larutan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.0pt list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi redoks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Isi sebuah tabung reaksi dengan 2 ml alkoho 50%, 3 tetes asam sulfat pekat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 ml larutan kalium dikromat 0,1M. Tutup tabung reaksi dengan sebuah gabus dan letakkan dalam gelas kimia yang berisi air panas selama beberapa menit. Amati perubahan yang terjadi dan cium bau larutan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.0pt list 1.0in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Isi tabung reaksi dengan 5 ml larutan I<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,2M dan 2 ml alkohol. Tambahkan setetes demi setetes larutan NaOH 0,1M sampai larutan berwarna kuning pucat. Tutup tabung reaksi dengangabus dan letakkan kedalam gelas kimia yang berisi air panas selama beberapa menit. Dinginkan dan amati perubahan yang terjadi, cium bau larutan.</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><h4 style="line-height: 300%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></h4><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 63.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.75in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat yang Digunakan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 63.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun alat-alat yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah gabus,gegep kayu,gelas kimia,gelas ukur,lampu spritus,pipet tetes, rak tabung ,tabung reaksi</span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bahan</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 63.0pt 81.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun Bahan-bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah larutan Alkohol 50%,Asam asetat,asam sulfat,asetaldehida 1:1, Aquadest,Kalium dikromat (K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) 0,1M, Larutan iodum (I<sub>2</sub>) 0,2M, NaOH 2M, NaOH 0,1M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 59.2pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt 63.0pt 81.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I.Reaksi Polimerisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dimasukkan 2 ml asetaldehid 1:1 ke dalam tabung reaksi, Ditambahkan ke dalam tabung tersebut 2 ml larutan NaOH 2M, Dipanaskan tabung perlahan-lahan dan diamati perubahan yang terjadi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in left 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">II.Reaksi pengesteran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diisi ke dalam sebuah tabung reaksi 2 ml alkohol 50%, 2 ml asam asetat 6 M dan 5 tetes asam sulfat pekat. Dipanaskan tabung reaksi beberapa menit, Dituang isisnya ke tabung reaksi lain yang telah berisi 3 ml air dan dicium bau kelarutannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">III.Reaksi redoks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diisi sebuah tabung reaksi dengan 2 ml alkohol 50%, 3 tetes asam sulfat pekat dan 4 ml larutan kalium dikromat 0,1M, Ditutp tabung reaksi dengan sebuah gabus dan dan diletakkan dalam sebuah gelas kimia yang berisi air panas selama beberapa menit. Diamati perubahan yang terjadi dan dicium bau larutan tersebut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">IV.Reaksi iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diisi ke dalam sebuah tabung reaksi 1 ml larutan I<sub>2</sub>0,2M dan 0,4 ml alcohol,ditetesi Setetes demi setetes larutan NaOH 0,1M ditambahkan sampai larutan berwarna kuning pucat, Ditutup tabung reaksi dengan gabus dan diletakkan ke dalam gelas kimia yang berisi air panas selama beberapa menit,didinginkan dan diamati perubahan yang terjadi serta dicium bau larutannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 45.0pt 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB IV</span></b></div><h5 style="line-height: 250%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></h5><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.Hasil Praktikum</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.Tabel Hasil Pengamatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Reaksi Polimerisasi</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 506px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.25pt;" width="250"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Zat-zat yang direaksikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 192.2pt;" width="256"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hasil reaksi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 39.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 39.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.25pt;" width="250"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Asetaldehid + NaOH</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 39.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 192.2pt;" width="256"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keruh setelah dipanaskan </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">¤</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuning keruh dan terdapat endapan kehitaman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Reaksi Pengesteran<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 506px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Zat-zat yang direaksikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hasil reaksi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alkohol </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+ air</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">¤</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bening, bau menyegat khas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Agak kental & berminyak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bau khas, </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">¤</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> bening </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3. Reaksi Redoks<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 506px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Zat-zat yang direaksikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hasil reaksi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alkohol </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+ H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+ K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+ pemanasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Larutan bening, bau khas</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berminyak, baunya tdk menyengat</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Warna orange, intensitas –</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">¤</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hitam kekuningan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Reaksi Iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 506px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Zat-zat yang direaksikan</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hasil reaksi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" width="264"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I<sub>2 </sub>+ Alkohol + NaOH</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" width="242"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">¤</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merah, stlh dipanaskan bau menyengat</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Polimerisasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 74px; margin-left: 328px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 170px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="74" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="170" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251662336;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 268px; position: absolute; top: -6px; width: 63px;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="63" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n CH<sub>3</sub>—C—H + CH<sub>3</sub>—C—H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>—C—CH<sub>2</sub>—C—H</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Pengesteran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251677696;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 394px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 200px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 198px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 392px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 248px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 75px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="75" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 199px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + CH<sub>3</sub>—C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>—C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O--C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi Redoks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="39" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Red : Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2-</sup> + 14H<sup>+</sup> + 6e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Cr<sup>3+</sup> + 7H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>x2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 228px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Oks : C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>x3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 410px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="410" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: right;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 291px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 39px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="39" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 16H<sup>+</sup> + 3C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4Cr<sup>3+</sup> + 11H<sub>2</sub>O + 3HC<sub>3</sub>COOH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 293px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 27px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="27" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> + 8H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + 3C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3CH<sub>3</sub>COOH +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">11H<sub>2</sub>O + 2K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi Iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 244px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 4I<sub>2</sub> + 6NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHI<sub>3</sub> + HCOONa + 5H<sub>2</sub>O + 5NaI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Iodoform</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi bertahap :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 184px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH + I<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>—C—H + 2HI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 196px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>—C—H + 3I<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CI<sub>3</sub>—C—H + 3HI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 220px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CI<sub>3</sub>—C—H + NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHI<sub>3</sub> + NaO—C—H</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>||</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h6 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.PEMBAHASAN</span></h6><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam percobaan ini dilakukan beberapa reaksi senyawa karbon. Pertama yaitu reaksi polimerisasi digunakan sampel asetaldehida 1 : 1 dengan NaOH sebagai katalis. Pada reaksi ini diperoleh bahwa asetaldehid tidak larut seluruhnya, yang menghasilkan larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keruh, kemudian setelah dipanaskan menjadi larutan kuning. Setelah dibiarkan beberapa saat, larutan keruh dan ada endapan kehitaman pada dasar tabung. Hal ini disebabkan karena asetaldehida bereaksi dengan senyawanya sendiri dengan katalis NaOH membentuk molekul yang lebih besar (polimer). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada reaksi pengesteran digunakan sampel alkohol dan asam asetat dengan katalis asam sulfat pekat. Pada reaksi ini diperoleh larutan bening<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bau menyengat. Reaksi antara alkohol dan asam karboksilat (asam asetat) menghasilkan senyawa ester dengan bau harum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada reaksi redoks alkohol direaksikan dengan dengan K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> dalam suasana asam (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>). Pada reaksi ini diperoleh larutan yang berwarna orange dan bau khas alkoholnya agak berkurang. Setelah dipanaskan, terbentuk larutan hitam kekuningan denga bau yang menyengat. Hal ini disebabkan karena terjadinya proses reduksi-oksidasi yaitu terjadi penangkapan dan pelepasan elektron.<sub> </sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada reaksi iodoform, direaksikan larutan iodin dengan alkohol dan NaOH sebagai katalis. Pada reaksi ini diperoleh larutan berwarna merah yang setelah dipanaskan mengeluarkan bau yang menyengat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB VI</span></b></div><div class="MsoHeading7" style="line-height: 250%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PENUTUP</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.Kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Berdasarkan hasil percobaan dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi polimerisasi adalah pembentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>molekul yang lebih besar (polimer) dari monomer-monomer yang kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi pengesteran membentuk senyawa ester dari reaksi antara alkohol dan asam karboksilat dan mengeluarkan bau harum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada reaksi redoks, terjadi penurunan dan penaikan bilangan oksidasi. Oksidasi terjadi kenaikan bilangan oksidasi sedangkan reduksi terjadi penurunan bilangan oksidasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 50.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada reaksi iodoform, terjadi pembentukan iodoform dari reaksi antara iodum, alkohol dan basa alkali. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. Saran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sebaiknya pereaksi yang digunakan ditempatkan pada tempat yang khusus sehingga praktikan tidak mondar-mandir di dalam Lab, agar praktikum dapat berjalan lancar dan tertib. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tim Dosen Kimia. (2002), “Kimia Dasar 2” Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Wilbraham, C, Antony dan Michael S. Matta. (1992).” Pengantar Kimia Organik dan Hayati”. ITB. Bandung. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Respati. (1980). “Pengantar Kimia Organik”. Aksara Baru. Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fessenden, Ralph J dan Fessenden, Joan S. (1997). “ Dasar-dasar Kimia Organik ”. Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karyadi; Benny; (1997), “Kimia 2” Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pine, Stanley H. (1998). “Kimia Organik 2”. ITB. Bandung. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Wilbraham, C, Antony dan Michael S. Matta. (1992).” Kimia Organik dan Hayati”. ITB. Bandung. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Direktur Jendral POM, (1979), “Farmakope Indonesia”. edisi III. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Anonim . (2011). “ Penuntun Kimia Organik “. Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-78425976042801258792011-10-15T11:09:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:09:33.804-07:00kimia analisis<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORIUM KIMIA FARMASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS FARMASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAJIL</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">150 2010 0</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">63</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L.1</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2011</span></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Poor Richard","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LEMBAR PENGESAHAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laporan ini dibuat sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mengikuti ujian praktikum Kimia </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analisis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makassar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Juni</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penanggung Jawab Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center .95in 310.65pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: center .95in 310.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A. Trihadi Kusuma, S. Farm</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>BAJIL</u></span></b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui,</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koordinator</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laboratorium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RUSLI, S.Si,. M.Si., Apt.</span></u></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">AYAT </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Surah Al-An’aam 99</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span class="gen"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Artinya : </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="gen"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dan Dialah yang menurunkan air hujan dari langit, lalu Kami tumbuhkan dengan air itu segala macam tumbuh-tumbuhan maka Kami keluarkan dari tumbuh-tumbuhan itu tanaman yang menghijau. Kami keluarkan dari tanaman yang menghijau itu butir yang banyak; dan dari mayang korma mengurai tangkai-tangkai yang menjulai, dan kebun-kebun anggur, dan (Kami keluarkan pula) zaitun dan delima yang serupa dan yang tidak serupa. Perhatikanlah buahnya di waktu pohonnya berbuah dan (perhatikan pulalah) kematangannya. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu ada tanda-tanda (kekuasaan Allah) bagi orang-orang yang beriman.</span></i></span><span class="gen"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></i></div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Puji syukur penulis penjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan laporan lengkap praktikum Kimia Analisis ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusunan laporan lengkap ini adalah merupakan salah satu tugas dan persyaratan untuk mengikuti ujian laboratorium praktikkum Kimia Analisis di Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Penyusunan laporan lengkap ini penulis merasa masih banyak kekurangan-kekurangan baik pada teknis penulisan maupun materi, mengingat akan kemampuan yang dimiliki penulis masih sangat terbatas. Untuk itu kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun dari semua pihak sangat penulis harapkan demi penyempurnaan penyusunan laporan lengkap ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akhirnya penulis berharap semoga Allah memberikan imbalan yang setimpal pada mereka yang telah memberikan bantuan, dan dapat menjadikan semua bantuan ini sebagai ibadah, Amiin Yaa Robbal ‘Alamiin.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makassar, 19 Juni 201</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 315.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penulis</span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LEMBAR PENGESAHAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAPORAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Analiosis Kation</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nalisis Anion</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Netralisasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Bebas Air</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Argentometri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Kompleksometri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Nitrimetri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Titrasi Redoks</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gravimetri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RIWAYAT HIDUP PRAKTIKAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FOTO COPY KARTU KONTROL</span></div><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 120.85pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">RIWAYAT HIDUP PRAKTIKAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 63.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>25 November 1991, tepatnya di sebuah kota kecil yang terletak di daerah selatan Negara Malaysia, lahir lah seorang bayi laki-laki imut dengan semua kekurangan dan kelebihan yang di milikinya. Tumbuh sebagai seorang anak yang pendiam dan sederhana, tapi tetap memiliki jiwa dan semangat seorang petarung sejati yang tak kan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>luluh dengan kerasnya kehidupan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 63.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bajil, begitu orang biasa memanggilnya. Seorang remaja LETTA yang saat ini duduk di semester 2 Fakultas Farmasi di Universitas Muslim Indonesia.Terlahir dari orang tua yang sederhana mengajarkan kepadanya bahwa hidup adalah sebuah perjalanan yang penuh tantangan. Pernah menempuh pendidikan di SK Sandau yang terlatak di Malaysia timur, SD Sedadap di kabupaten Nunukan, SD 029 di kota Tarakan, SD 008 di Samarinda, SMP Olah Raga di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Samarinda, SMA Olah Raga di Samarinda dan mengakhiri masa sekolahnya di SMA 3 Tarakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 63.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wajib berusaha tetapi tidak wajib berhasil, itulah motto hidupnya. Usaha maksimal, berdoa dan tawakkal akan selalu menjadi pegangannya. Akan terus belajar demi sebuah harapan yang di nantikannya dan ridho Allah adalah tujuannya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 120.85pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-63941106176200826872011-10-15T11:08:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:08:52.373-07:00protein<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein adalah molekul organic yang terbanyak didalam sel. Lebih dari 50% berat kering sel terdiri atas protein. Selain itu, protein adalah biomomekul yang sesungguhnya, karena senyawa ini menjalankan berbagai fungsi dasar kehidupan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">tersusun dari berbagai asam amino melalui ikatan polipeptide. Dalam molekul protein kurang lebih dua puluh macam asam-asam alfa amino berikatan demean ikatan peptide Dan membentuk molekul yang sangat besar. Suhu keasaman / pH dan garam-garam organik atau anorganik dapat mempengaruhi sifat-sifat protein, misalnya struktur dan kelarutannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein berasal dari kata A</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">rika Protos yang berarti pertama, yang menunjukkan bahwa zat itu menjadi dasar penghidupan. Protein merupakan suatu zat makanan yang berfungsi sebagai bahan bakar. Dalam tubuh juga berfungsi sebagai zat pembangun dan pengatur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Protein adalah sumber-sumber asam amino yang mengandung unsur-unsur C, H, O, dan N yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak atau karbohidrat. Molekul protein merupakan bahan pembentuk jaringan-jaringan baru yang selalu terjadi dalam tubuh. Pada masa pertumbuhan proses pembentukan jaringan terjadi secara besar-besaran, pada masa kehamilan, proteinlah yang membentuk jaringan janin dan pertumbuhan embrio. Protein juga mengganti jaringan tubuh yang dirusak dan dirombak. Fungsi utama protein bagi tubuh adalah untuk membentuk jaringan baru dan mempertahankan jaringan yang telah ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam kehidupan protein mem</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">egang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> peranan penting pula. Proses kimia dalam tubuh dapa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> berlangsung dengan baik karena adanya enzim, protein yang berfungsi sebagai biokatalis. Disamping itu hemoglobin dalam butir-butir darah merah atau eritrosit yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut oksigen dari paru-paru keseluruh bagian tubuh, adal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">h salah satu jenis protein. Demikian pula zat-zat yang berperan untuk melawan bakteri atau penyakit atau antigen disebut juga protein.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kita memperoleh protein dari makanan yang berasal dari hewan atau tumbuhan. Protein yang berasal dari hewan disebut protein hewani, sedangkan dari tumbuhan disebut protein nabati. Beberapa makanan sumber protein adalah daging, telur, susu, ikan, beras, kacang, gandum, jagung, dan buah-buahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein mengatur keseimbangan cairan dalam jaringan dan pembuluh darah yaitu dengan menimbulkan tekanan osmotik koloid yang dapat menarik cairan dan jaringan ke dalam pembuluh darah. Jadi, protein mempunyai peranan penting di dalam tubuh manusia dan hewan, sebab zat ini befungsi untuk menggerakkan otot.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana kelarutan albumin dalam air dan beberapa pereaksi?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apakah albumin akan terkoagulasi jika dipanaskan?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana reaksi albumin dengan ion-ion logam?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Maksud Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengetahui dan memahami cara pemeriksaan protein dengan menggunakan pereaksi-pereaksi tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menentukan kelarutan protein pada </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">usu bear brand.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menentukan koagulasi protein pada</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> susu bear brand</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menentukan reaksi protei</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">n pada susu bear brand</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan logam-logam berat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Manfaat Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Adapun manfaat dari praktikum adalah untuk mengeta</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">h</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ui kelarutan protein dan asam amino pada sampel (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">susu bear brand</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">) berdasarkan uji kelarutan protein, koagulasi protein serta reaksi dengan ion-ion logam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 170.1pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Teori Umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Protein bukan hanya merupakan makromolekuler yang paling berlimpah, tapi amat bervariasi juga fungsinya. Sangat luar bia</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a pula bahwa semua protein di dalam semua mahluk, tanpa memandang fun</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">si dan aktivitas biologinya dibangun oleh susunan dasar, yaitu 20 asam amino baku, yang molekulnya sendiri tidak mempunyai aktifitas biologi. Lalu apakah yang memberikan suatu protein aktivitas biologinya, protein lain aktivitas hormon, dan yang lain lagi aktivitas antibodi ? bagaimana kimiawi-kimiawi protein-protein ini berbeda ? secara cukup sederhana, protein berbeda satu sama lain karena masing-masing mempunyai deret unit asam amino sendiri-sendiri. Asam amino merupakan abjad strktur protein, karena molekul-molekul ini dapat disusun dalam jumlah deret yang hampir tidak terbatas, untuk membuat protein dalam jumlah yang hampir tak terbatas pula (Rhenawijaya, 1982). </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein merupakan suatu zat makanan yang amat penting bagi tubuh, karena zat ini di samping berfungsi sebagai bahan bakar dalam tubuh kita juga berfungsi sebagai zat pembangun dan pengatur. Protein adalah sumber asam-asam amino yang mengandung unsur-unsur Karbon sebanyak 50%, Hidrogen 7%, Oksigen 23% dan Nitrogen 16%. Yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak atau karbohidrat. Molekul protein mengandung pula fosfor sebanyak 0-3%, belerang 0-3%, dan ada jenis protein yang mengandung unsur logam seperti besi dan tembaga (Winarno, 2004).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein adalah suatu polipeptida yang mempunyai bobot molekul yang sangat bervriasi dari 5000 hingga lebih dari satu juta. Protein memgang peranan penting dalam mahluk hidup yaitu dalam struktur, fungsi, dan reproduksi. Dan merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang sangat penting. Unsur-unsur yang membangun protein adalah karbon, nitrogen, dan oksigen. Suhu keasaman / pH dan garam-garam organik atau anorganik dapat mempengaruhi sifat-sifat protein, misalnya struktur dan kelarutannya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, sifat protein bervariasi, ada yang mudah larut dalam air contohnya albumin dan ada pula yang sukar larut dalam air contohnya rambut dan kuku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Poedjiadi, 1994).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Asam amino dapat memberikan reaksi esterifikasi dan asilasi . Juga reaksi ninhidrin yang akan menghasilkan Ruhermann’s purple , suatu zat yang berwarna biru-ungu . Sistein dapat dioksidasi menjadi disulfida asam amino yang disebut sistin (Fessenden , 1997) .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Reaksi asam amino </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">yang sangat penting adalah reaksi kondensasi antara asam-asam amino membentuk protein.Interaksi asam-asam amino membentuk protein melalui ikatan kovalen peptida.Hal inilah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan protein disebut polipeptida </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(Poedjiadi, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">emakin panjang suatu rantai peptida,maka jumlah-jumlah isomer mungkin akan bertambah banyak pula.Oleh karena itu,terdapat kurang lebih 8000 tripeptida yang mungkin terbentuk secara teori dari 20 macam asam amino </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">K.Murrey,2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein mempunyai beberapa fungsi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">lima diantaranya adalah sebagai biokatalisator (enzim),</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein cadangan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">biomol pentranspor bahan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">struktural dan protektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tetapi pada umumnya protein dikenal sebagai bagian dari makanan yang dipergunakan sebagai pengganti jaringan sel.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein dapat diklasifikasikan atas dasar beberapa kriteria misalnya : Fungsinya,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">kelarutan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">konformasi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan lain sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">tas dasar hasil</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein dibagi menjadi golongan: enzim,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein cadangan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein transport,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein kontraktil,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protektif,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">tosin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">hormon,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan struktural atas dasar kelarutannya dalam zat pelarut tertentu maka protein dibagi menjadi albumin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">globulin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">prolamin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan glutelin. Bila ditinjau dari sudut konfirmasinya maka protein dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu bentuk serabut atau benang(fibrous dan glubulat) (Soeharsono : 35).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bila protein dihidrolisis dengan bantuan asam maka hasilnya adalah asam amino .</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlahnya tergantung dari panjang rantai,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">berat molekul dan lain-lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan jenis asam amino uang umum terdapat dalam alam ada 20,8 hingga 10 diantarnya tergolong dalam asam amino esensial asam amino merupakan suatu unsur protein dan merupakan satuan penyusun protein. Berdasarkan rumus bangunnya asam amino dapat dipandang sebagai turunan asam karboksilat,yang asatu atom hidrogennya dapat diganti oleh gugus amino (Soeharjo :36).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebagian besar molekul protein menampakkan aktifitas biloginya pada kisaran pH dan suhu tertentu.Pada PH dan suhu tinggi maka protein glogular mengalami perubahan fisik yang dinamakan denaturasi.Salah satu sifat yang tampak adalah kelarutan yang menurun. Pembentukan gumpalan putih pada bagian telur yang putih merupakan salah satu contoh proses denaturasi.Struktur primer protein diatas tidak mengalami perubahan. secara umum denaturasi adalah peristiwa penyimpanan dari sifat alamiah senyawa yang bersangkutan,dalam hal ini adalah protein.Telah diketahui bahwa kemantapan struktur sekunder pada protein terletak pada keutuhan ikatan H antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C = O dan – NH-. Putusnya ikatan tersebut dapat menyebabkan protein yang bersangkutan mengalami denaturasi (Soeharsono: 48).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Suatu peptida adalah suatu senyawa yang dibentuk dari asam amino yang terikat oleh suatu ikatan peptida.Asam-asam amino dalam suatu peptida disebut sebagai unit peptida atau residu asam amino.Suatu peptida yang dibentuk dari dua residu asam amino disebut dipeptida,bila dari tiga asam amino disebut tripeptida.Suatu polipeptida adalah suatu peptida dengan banyak residu asam amino.Perbedaan antara suatu polipeptida dan protein adalah berdasarkan perjanjian,umunya suatu polipeptida dengan 50 residu asam amino disebut suatu protein.Asam amino mempunyai sebuah asam karboksilat dan gugus amino dalam sebuah molekul.Akibatnya,suatu asam amino akan mengalami reaksi asam basa dalam molekulnya,untuk membentuk suatu ion dipolar,yaitu suatu ion yang mempunyai muatan positif dan negatif.Ion dipolar juga disebut sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>zwitter ion (</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">F</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">essenden:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">646-647).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 174.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uraian Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Air suling</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ( Ditjen POM, 1979</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Air suling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt 2.5in; text-indent: -186.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, tidak berasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai pelarut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asam klorida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Ditjen POM</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1979)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Acidum Hydrochloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: HCl/36,46</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt 2.5in; text-indent: -186.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan dua bagian air, asam dan bau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: dalam wadah tretutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pereaksi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asam nitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Acidum Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Asam nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: HNO<sub>3</sub>/63,01</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan jernih berasap, hampir tidak berwarna sampai warna kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 186.0pt; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pereaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perak nitrat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Argenti Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Perak nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: AgNO<sub>3</sub>/169,87</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hablur berwarna putih (transparan), tidak berbau, menjadi gelap bila kena sinar. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sangat mudah larut dalam air.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ferri (III) klorida</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Ferrisi Chloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Besi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (III) klorida</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: FeCl<sub>3 </sub>/ 152,9</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hablur atau serbuk hablur hitam kehijauan, bebas warna jingga dari garam hidrat yang telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terpengaruh oleh kelembaban.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: larut dalam air. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium klorida</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> )</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Chloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrium klorida<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: NaCl / 58,44</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hablur heksahedral, tidak berwarna (serbuk hablur putih), tidak berbau, rasa asin.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: larut dalam 2,8 bagian air.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium karbonat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Carbonas</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrium karbonat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O / 124</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: hablur tidak berwarna (warna putih).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mudah larut dalam air, lebih mudah lagi larut dalam air mendidih.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium hidroksida </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">( Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1979)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Hidroksidum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrium hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: NaOH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: 40,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -168.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>putih atau praktis putih, massa melebur, berbentuk pellet, serpihan atau batang atau bentuk lain, keras, rapuh, dan menunjukkan pecahan hablur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 184.3pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -166.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: mudah larut dalam air dan dalam etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tembaga (II) sulfat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Cupru Sulfas</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Tembaga (II) sulfat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: CuSO<sub>4</sub>/159,61</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: prisma triklinik(serbuk hablur biru)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Timbal (II) nitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1979</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Plumbu Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Timbal (II) nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>/ 270,21</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: hablur tidak berwarna (putih) atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serbuk hablur putih.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 12.0pt 24.0pt 42.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">C. Prosedur Kerja<b> </b>(<b>Anonim, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2011</b>)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelarutan Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Isi 4 buah tabung reaksi masing – masing dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur. Kedalam tabung reaksi yang pertama tambahkan 3 ml air. Kedalam tabung reaksi kedua tambahkan 3 ml larutan NaOH 2 M. Kedalam tabung reaksi ketiga tambahkan 3 ml larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3 </sub>0,1 M. Kedalam tabung reaksi keempat tambahkan 3 ml HCl 0,1 M. Amati perubahan – perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Koagulasi Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Isi tabung reaksi dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur. Tambahkan 2 ml larutan (HNO<sub>3</sub>) 2 M, amati perubahan yang terjadi. Panaskan tabung reaksi perlahan – lahan. Dinginkan dan tambahkan 5 ml larutan NaOH 2 M. Amati perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reaksi dengan Ion – Ion Logam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Isi tabung reaksi masing – masing 3 ml larutan putih telur (1:1). Ke dalam tabung reaksi pertama tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M dan amati perubahan yang terjadi. Kedalam tabung reaksi kedua tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub> 0,1 M dan amati perubahan yang terjadi. Kedalam tabung reaksi ketiga tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan NaCl 0,1 M dan amati perubahan yang terjadi. Kedalam tabung reaksi ke empat tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FeCl<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M dan amati perubahan yang terjadi. Kedalam tabung reaksi ke lima tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> dan amati perubahan yang terjadi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: .25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB III </span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 7.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat yang dipakai</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alat yang digunakan pada percobaan ini antara lain </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">unsen, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">awan porselin, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">egep kayu, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">elas ukur, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ap kasar, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ap halus, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ipet tetes, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ipet sk</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">la, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">inset, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">R</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ak tabung</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan Tabung reaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahan yang digunakan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun bahan yang digunakan yaitu, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">quadest, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">usu bear brand, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Natrium Karbonat (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Asam Klorida (HCl), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Asam Nitrat (HNO<sub>3</sub>), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Perak Nitrat (AgNO<sub>3</sub>), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Natrium Klorida (NaCl), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Ferri Klorida (FeCl<sub>3</sub>), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Plumbo Nitrat (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">arutan Kupri Sulfat (CuSO<sub>4</sub>) dan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">issue</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C. Cara Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 48.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelarutan Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, diisi 4 tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (1) ditambahkan 3 ml air. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (2) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan NaOH 2 M. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (3) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (4) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan HCl 0,1 M. Kemudian diamati perubahan yang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Koagulasi Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, kemudian diisi sebuah tabung reaksi dengan 3 ml larutan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Kemudian ditambahkan 2 ml larutan HNO<sub>3</sub>. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Selanjutnya dipanaskan tabung reaksi secara perlahan-lahan. Di diinginkan dan ditambahkan 5 ml larutan NaOH kemudian diamati perubahan yang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Reaksi dengan Ion-ion Logam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, kemudian diisi tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (1) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (2) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub>. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (3) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan NaCl. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (4) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan FeCl<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (5) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). diamati perubahan yang terjadi. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: -28.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KAJIAN HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Data Pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Tabel Hasil Pengamatan<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Kelarutan Protein</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan pelarut</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Air</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan NaOH</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut, terjadi perubahan warna pink</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan HCl</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menggumpal, tidak larut</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Koagulasi Protein</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan pelarut</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebelum di panaskan</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak terjadi perubahan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah di panaskan</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadi penggumpalan protein</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada bagian bawah tabung reaksi</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warna bening</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada bagian atas tabung reaksi</span></li>
</ol></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warnah pink</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c. Reaksi dengan ion-ion logam</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan pelarut</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">AgNO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warna tetap, terjadi denaturasi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">CuSO<sub>4</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut, terjadi warna hijau</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NaCl</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FeCl<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warna tetap, terjadi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">denaturasi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Warna tetap, terjadi denaturasi</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 7px; left: 0px; margin-left: 416px; margin-top: 36px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="6" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 412px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 5px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="5" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 377px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 5px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="5" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>B. Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein adalah molekul organic yang terbanyak didalam sel. Lebih dari 50% berat kering sel terdiri atas protein. Selain itu, protein adalah biomomekul yang sesungguhnya, karena senyawa ini menjalankan berbagai fungsi dasar kehidupan.</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein merupakan suatu zat makanan yang sangat penting bagi tubuh,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">karena zat ini disamping berfungsi sebagai bahan bakar dalam tubuh juga berfungsi sebgai zat pembangun dan pengatur.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein adalah sumber asam-asam amino yang mengandung unsur C,H,O,N yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak atau karbohidrat.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa protein merupakan komponen utama dari jaringan struktur (otot, kulit, kuku, rambut). Protein lain mengangkut molekul dari satu bagian ke bagian lain dalam makhluk hidup. Masih ada lagi yang bertindak sebagai katalis dalam banyak reaksi biologis yang diperlukan untuk mempertahankan hidup. Ada protein mudah larut dalam air, tetapi ada pula yang sukar larut dalam air. Pada percobaan kali ini akan dibuktikan apakah suhu, keasaman/pH dan garam-garam organic atau anorganik dapat memengaruhi sifat-sifat protein, misalnya struktur dan kelarutanny</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein mempunyai beberapa fungsi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">lima diantaranya adalah sebagai biokatalisator (enzim),protein cadangan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">biomol pentranspor bahan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">struktural dan protektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tetapi pada umumnya protein dikenal sebagai bagian dari makanan yang dipergunakan sebagai pengganti jaringan sel.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein dapat diklasifikasikan atas dasar beberapa kriteria misalnya : Fungsinya,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">kelarutan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">konformasi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan lain sebagainya,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">atas dasar hasil protein dibagi menjadi golongan:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">enzim,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein cadangan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein transport,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein kontraktil,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protektif,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">tosin,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">hormon,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan struktural atas dasar kelarutannya dalam zat pelarut tertentu maka protein dibagi menjadi : albumin,globulin,prolamin,dan glutelin.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bila ditinjau dari sudut konfirmasinya maka protein dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu bentuk serabut atau benang(fibrous dan glubulat).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada percobaan ini akan diamati beberapa proses yang terjadi pada protein diantaranya kelarutan protein, koagulasi protein, dan reaksi dengan ion-ion logam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada kelarutan protein</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> 4 buah tabung reaksi masing-masing diisi dengan 3ml larutan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabung</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> reaksi 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ditambahkan air, albumin larut dalam air demikian halnya jug</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> pada penambahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> NaOH dan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> albumin larut didalamnya. Namun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pada </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">enambahan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">larutan HCl albumin tidak larut dan membentuk gumpalan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kebanyakan asam amino larut dalam pelarut polar seperti air, tetapi tidak larut dalam pelarut-pelarut non polar seperti alkohol, eter dan benzena. Yang larut dalam alkohol dan eter adalah asam-asam amino seperti prolin dan hidroksiprolin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> koagulasi protein, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Albumin diberikan penambahan HNO</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan tidak terjadi perubahan. Ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mudian dipanaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">terjadi penggumpalan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">terdapat dua fase, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan pada bagian atas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> tabung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> reaksi membentuk penggumpalan berwarna </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pink</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan bagian bawah tabung reaksi membentuk penggumpalan berwarna </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bening</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada percobaan kelarutan ion – ion logam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pada susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan pelarut AgNO<sub>3 </sub>terjadi denaturasi, larutan CuSO<sub>4 </sub>terjadi denaturasi dengan gumpalan berwarna hijau, larutan NaCl larut dan tidak mengalami denaturasi, larutan FeCl<sub>3 </sub>denaturasi dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan warna tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, dan larutan Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>denaturasi dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">warna tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Panas dapat digunakan untuk mengacaukan ikatan hidrogen dan interaksi hidrofobik non polar. Hal ini terjadi karena suhu tinggi dapat meningkatkan energi kinetik dan menyebabkan molekul penyusun protein bergerak atau bergetar sangat cepat sehingga mengacaukan ikatan molekul tersebut. Protein telur mengalami denaturasi dan terkoagulasi selama pemasakan. Beberapa makanan dimasak untuk mendenaturasi protein yang dikandung supaya memudahkan enzim pencernaan dalam mencerna protein tersebut. Pemanasan akan membuat protein bahan terdenaturasi sehingga kemampuan mengikat airnya menurun. Hal ini terjadi karena energi panas akan mengakibatkan terputusnya interaksi non-kovalen yang ada pada struktur alami protein tapi tidak memutuskan ikatan kovalennya yang berupa. ikatan peptida. Proses ini biasanya berlangsung pada kisaran suhu yang sempit.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Protein akan mengalami kekeruhan terbesar pada saat mencapai p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> isoelektris yaitu p</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dimana protein memiliki muatan positif dan negatif yang sama, pada saat inilah protein mengalami denaturasi yang ditandai kekeruhan meningkat dan timbulnya gumpalan. Asam dan basa dapat mengacaukan jembatan garam dengan adanya muatan ionik. Sebuah tipe reaksi penggantian dobel terjadi sewaktu ion positif dan negatif di dalam garam berganti pasangan dengan ion positif dan negatif yang berasal dari asam atau basa yang ditambahkan. Reaksi ini terjadi di dalam sistem pencernaan, saat asam lambung mengkoagulasi susu yang dikonsumsi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Garam logam berat mendenaturasi protein sama dengan halnya asam dan basa. Garam logam berat umumnya mengandung Hg<sup>+2</sup>, Pb<sup>+2</sup>, Ag<sup>+1</sup> Tl<sup>+1</sup>, Cd<sup>+2</sup> dan logam lainnya dengan berat atom yang besar. Reaksi yang terjadi antara garam logam berat akan mengakibatkan terbentuknya garam protein-logam yang tidak larut. Protein akan mengalami presipitasi bila bereaksi dengan ion logam. Pengendapan oleh ion positif (logam) diperlukan ph larutan diatas pi karena protein bermuatan negatif, pengendapan oleh ion negatif diperlukan ph larutan dibawah pi karena protein bermuatan positif. Ion-ion positif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; Ag<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, Zn<sup>++</sup>, Hg<sup>++</sup>, Fe<sup>++</sup>, Cu<sup>++</sup> dan Pb<sup>++</sup>, sedangkan ion-ion negatif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; ion salisilat, triklorasetat, piktrat, tanat dan sulfosalisilat.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bila susunan ruang atau rantai polipeptida suatu protein berubah maka dikatakan protein ini mengalami denaturasi. Denaturasi diartikan sebagai suatu perubahan atau modifikasi terhadap struktur sekunder, tersier dan kuartener terhadap molekul protein tanpa terjadinya pemecahan ikatan kovalen.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada dua macam denaturasi protein, yaitu penembangan rantai peptide dan pemecahan protein menjadi unit yang lebih kecil tanpa disertai pengembangn molekul. Terjadinya kedua jenis denaturasi ini tergantung pada keadaan molekul. Yang pertama terjadi pada rantai polipeptida, sedangkan yang kedua terjadi pada bagian-bagian molekul yang tergabung dalam iaktan sekunder. Ikatan- iaktan yang dipengaruhi oleh proses denaturasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ikatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hidrogen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Ikatan hidrofobik misalnya pada leusin, valin, fenilalanin, triptofan yang saling berlekatan membentuk suatu miselle dan tidak larut dalam air</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Ikatan ioni</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> antara gugus bermuatan positif dan gugus bermuatan negati</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">f.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Ikatan intramolekuler seperti yang terdapat pada gugus disulfide dalam sistin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Denaturasi daapt diartikan perubahan atau modifikasi terhadap struktur sekunder, tersier dan kuartener terhadapa molekul protein, tanpa terjadinya pemecahan ikatan-iaktan kovalen. Karena itu denaturasi dapat pula dikatakan sebagai suatu proses terpecahnya ikatan hydrogen interaksi hidrofobik, ikatan garam,dan terbentuknya lipatan atau wiru molekul.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemekaran</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">atau pengembangan molekulprotein yan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">g </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">terdenaturasi akan membuka gugus reaktif yang ada pada rantai polipeptida. Selanjutnya akan terjadi pengikatan kembali pada gugus reaktif yang sama atau berdekatan. Bila unit ikatan yang terbentuk cukup banyak sehingga protein tidak lagi terdispersi sebagai suatu koloid, maka protein akan mengalami koagulasi. Apabila ikatan-ikatan antara gugus-gugus reaktif protein tersebut menahan sluruh cairan, akan terbentuklah gel. Sedangkan bila cairan terpisahdari protein yang etrkoagulasi itu, maka protein akan mengendap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadinya denaturasi pada protein ini dapat disebabkan oleh faktor</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">fa</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">tor dibawah ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pemanasan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemberian panas pada pengolahan protein harus memperhatikan pemanasan yang menyebabkan protein terdenaturasi. Protein yang dipanaskan di atas 800C umumnya akan mengalami denaturasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">asam<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adanya ion H<sup>+</sup> menyebabkan sebagian jembatan atau ikatan peptida putus. Ion H<sup>+</sup> akan bereaksi dengan gugus COO<sup>–</sup> membentuk COOH sedangkan sisanya (asam) akan berikatan dengan gugus amino membentuk ikatan, sehingga apabila larutan peptida dalam keadaan isoelektris diberi asam akan menyebabkan bertambahnya gugus bermuatan yang membentuk afinitas terhadap air dan kelarutan air meningkat meskipun meskipun tidak selamanya begitu. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">basa<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penambahan basa misalnya KOH atau NaOH dapat menyebabkan denaturasi. Hal ini karena terjadi pemecahan ikatan peptida baik sebagian atau keseluruhan. Ion OH akan bereaksi dengan gugus amino.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">garam<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kation dan anion akan memecah ikatan peptida. Pemberian NaCl dalam jumlah kecil akan meningkatkan kelarutan protein dan sebaliknya akan mengendapkan protein jika penambahan berlebihan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pengadukan<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada pengadukan yang keras akan menyebabkan denaturasi dan terbentuknya</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">buih</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 78.0pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB V</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari hasil percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada kelarutan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">protein di peroleh bahwa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> albumin larut dalam air demikian halnya jug</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> pada penambahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> NaOH dan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> albumin larut didalamnya. Namun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pada </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">enambahan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">larutan HCl albumin tidak larut dan membentuk gumpalan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> koagulasi protein, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Albumin diberikan penambahan HNO</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan tidak terjadi perubahan. Ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">mudian dipanaskan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aterjadi penggumpalan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">terdapat dua fase, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dan pada bagian atas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> tabung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> reaksi membentuk penggumpalan berwarna </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pink</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan bagian bawah tabung reaksi membentuk penggumpalan berwarna </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">bening</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada percobaan kelarutan ion – ion logam </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pada susu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan pelarut AgNO<sub>3 </sub>terjadi denaturasi, larutan CuSO<sub>4 </sub>terjadi denaturasi dengan gumpalan berwarna hijau, larutan NaCl larut dan tidak mengalami denaturasi, larutan FeCl<sub>3 </sub>denaturasi dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> dengan warna tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">, dan larutan Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>denaturasi dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">warna tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B . Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kepada asisten di harapkan bimbingannya selama praktikum agar bisa berjalan lancar.</span></div></div><div align="center" class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DitjenPOM, 1979. <i>Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-III</i>, Departemen Kesehatan RI:Jakarta </span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DitjenPOM, 1995. <i>Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-IV</i>, Departemen Kesehatan RI:Jakarta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sastrohamidjoj. <i>Kimia Organik.</i>Gadjah Mada University press : yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Poedjiadi. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-dasar Biokima.</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UI-Press : Jakarta.</span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fessenden . <i>Kimia Organik Edisi III .</i>Erlangga : Jakarta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Murray dkk. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biokimia Harpe.</i>Edisi 27. EGC : Jakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soal….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tuliskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klasifikasi dan identifikasi kormus dari simplisia anda masing- masing !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jelaskan pembuatan herbarium dari simplisia anda masing – masin g !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jalaskan tahap – tahap dan hal – hal yang harfus di pertimbangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam pembuatan simplisia anda masing – masing !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Identifikasi kandungan kimia simplisia anda sesuai isi yang di kandungnya !</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Etnovarmasi dan inventarisasi sampel masing- masing berdasarkan kegunaan, aturan pakai, dan cara penggunaan tanamannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan kebiasaan dari suku/ etnis di daerah anda masing – masing !</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Plantae</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Magnoliophyta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Spermatophyta</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Monocctyledonae</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Euphorbiales</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suku<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Euphorbiaceae</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Marga<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Phyllanthus</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phyllanthus niruri</i> L.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batanngnya ramping dengan garis tengah 1 mm – 3 mm, cabang – cabangnya bagaikan tangkai daun dengan garis tengah 0,25 mm – 1 mm</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Daunnya kecil – kecil, berbentuk bulat panjang, ukuran panjang 4 mm – 8 mm dan lebarnya 1,5 mm – 5 mm</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bunga dan buahnya menempel pada cabang, warna buah hijau sampai coklat jerami. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunga melekat pada ketiak daun dan menghadap kea rah bawah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Buah berbentuk bulat pipih berdiameter 2 2,5 mm, licin, berbiji seperti bentuk ginjal, keras dan berwarna coklat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akar meniran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbentuk tunggang (tap root) yaitu akar utama yang pada umumnya merupakan pengembangan radikula lembaga, tumbuh tegak ke bawah dan bercabang. Pada tanaman dewasa, panjang akar dapat mencapai 6 cm. Akar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meniran berfungsi untuk memperkuat berdirinya tanaman serta menyerap air dan unsur hara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembuatan herbarium tanaman meniran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( Phyllanthus niruri </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>L. ) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Langkah pertama yang harus di lakukan dalam pembuatan herbarium adalah pengambilan sampel. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman meniran di pilih yang sesuai kemudian di petik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah tanaman di petik, tanaman di bersihkan dari kotoran yang melengket seperti tanah, pasir, batu dan kotoran – kotoran lain yang tidak di butuhkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah bersih, tanaman di semprot<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan alcohol. Tujuannya adalah agar tanaman bias awet dan mencegah kerusakan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah itu, tanaman di tempelkan pada Koran. Dalam tahap ini di lakukan pengubahan bentuk, tujuannya untuk memperluas permukaan sampel sehingga mempercepat proses pengeringan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selanjutnya sampel di tempeli etiket gantung. Etket memuat nama kolektor, tanggal koleksi, nomor koleksi, determiner dan keterangan lainnya yang menyangkut tanaman tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah itu, sampel di prres dengan cara di masukkan dalam sasak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahap- tahap dan hal – hal yang harus di pertimbangkan dalam pembuatan simplisia tanaman meniran yang pertama adalah teknik pengumpulan. Pengambilannya dapat di lakukan dengan tangan dan di cabut langsung dedngan akrnya. Hanya saja harus dengan hati- hati, jangan sampai merusak tanaman. Adapun waktu pengumpulannya juga harus di perhatikan. Karna apabila pengumpulannya tidak sesuai dengan waktunya maka akan berpengaruh terhadap hasil. Selanjutnya yang harus di perhatikan juga adalah saat penyimpanan. Wadah terbuat dari plastik tebal atau gelas yang berwarna gelap dan tertutup kedap. Tidak di anjurkan menggunakan wadah dari logam agar tidak berpengaruh terhadap zat-zat kimia yang di kandung simplisia. Ruanng penyimpanan harus diperhatikan suhu, kelembaban udara dan sirkulasi udara ruangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kandungan kimia tanaman Meniran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meniran banyak mengandung Kalium dan zzat Filantik, kandungan utama meniran adalah triterpen, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid dan asam fenolat ( Mengenal apotik hidup). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Meniran mengandung zat- zat filantin yang pahit rasanya, zat penyamak, damar dan mineral</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">( Budidaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat ).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ada beberapa komposisi kandungan kimia yang terkandung dalam tanaman meniran antara lain zat filantin, kalium, mineral, damar dan zat penyamak ( Tanaman Obat Tradisional 2 ).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara identifikasi<br />
a. Tanin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Katekol</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sampel di tambahkan larutan brom, akan terjadi endapan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sampel di basahkan dengan larutan FeCl<sub>3 </sub>1 N, menghasilkan warna hijau</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Letakkan bahan ataunserbuk di atas kaca objek di tambahkan larutan vanilin P 10% b/v dalam etanol90% P,kemudian dalam asam klorida P, bagian yang mengandung turunankaatekol menggandung merah intensif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pirogalotanin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sampel di basahi dengan FeCl<sub>3</sub> 1 N, menghasilkan warna biru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sampel di bassahi dengan larutan brom, tidak terjadi endapan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Serbuk di tambahkan dengan NaOH, jika mengandug tanin akan menghasilkan warna merh coklat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. Flavanoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sari 0,5 g sserbuk yang di periksa dengan 10 ml metanol dengan alat pendingin balik selama 10 menit, saring panas, encerkan dengan 10 ml air, setelah dingin tambahkan dengan 5ml eter. Kocok hati-hati, diamkan. Ambil lapisan metanol, uapkan pada suhu > 40<sup>0</sup>C di bawah tekanan, sisa di larutkan dalam 5 ml etanol 85% P, tambahkan 0,1 g magnesium P dan 10 ml asam klorida P, jikaterjadi warna merah jingga- merah ungu berarti ada flavanoid, dan jika kuning jingga terdapat flavon, kalkon dan auron.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kegunaan, aturan pakai dan cara penggunaan tanaman meniran</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengobati penyakit kuning</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan yang di perlukan adalah 13-17 tanaman meniran lengkap (akar, batang dan daun), dan 2 gelas air susu (sebaiknya susu kambing). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara membuatnya, meniran di cuci, kemudian di tumbuk (dipipis) halus dan di rebus dedngan air susu sampai mendidih hingga tinggal 1 gelas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara menggunakannya, disaring dan di minum sekaligus dan di lakukan setiap hari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengobati malaria</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan yang di perlukan adalah 7 batang tanaman meniran lengkap (akar, batang, daun dan bunga), 5 biji bunga cengkeh kering, dan 1 potong kayu manis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara membuat, semua bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di cuci bersih kemudian di tumbuk halus dan di rebus dengan 2 gelas air sampai mendidih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara menggunakannya, di saring dan di minum 2 kali sehari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengobati batuk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan yang di butuhkan adalah 3- 7 tanaman meniran lengkap (akar, batang, daun dan bunga) dan madu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cara membuatnya, meniran di cuci bersih, kemudian ditumbuk halus dan di rebus dengan 3 sendok makan air masak. Hasilnya di campur dengan 1 sendok makan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>madu sampai merata. Kemudian di minum sekaligus dan di lakukan 2 kali sehari.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-2897191522683571702011-10-15T11:06:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:06:34.751-07:00peranan dan manfaat hewan coba<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERANAN DAN PEMANFAATAN HEWAN COBA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan coba didefinisikan sebagai hewan-hewan yang dipelihara untuk digunakan dalam percobaan, misalnya dalam suatu penelitian, diagnostik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ataupun praktikum mahasiswa .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan Hewan Coba</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai hewan coba dalam penelitian-penelitian Biologis dan Medis .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbgai jenis hewan coba sangat bermanfaat dalam penelitian-penelitian biologi dan medis (Kedokteran,kedokteran gigi,hewan dan farmasi) karena banyak hal dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan hewan coba tersebut.Namun harus diingat bahwa penggunaan hewan coba berarti menyebabkan penderitaan hewan tersebut,sehingga setiap kali harus dipertanyakan apakah dalam percobaan atau penelitian tersebut mutlak digunakan hewan coba atau tidak .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai hewan model</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan sebagai model dimaksudkan untuk penggunaan bagian,organ atau sistem tertentu dari hewan coba sebagai model yang sama dengan manusia .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah diketahui bahwa berbagai,organ,atau sistem pada manusia itu dapat dipelari pada hewan dan kemudian diekstrapolasikan ke manusia.Cara ini telah memunculkan banyak penelitian-penelitian yang telah menghasilkan banyak sekali penemuan yang mendatangkan manfaat bagi manusia .Cara ini telah memunculkan banyak penelitian-penelitian yang telah menghasilkan banyak sekali penemuan yang mendatangkan manfaat bagi manusia.Kita harus berusaha menjaga agar hewan yang digunakan dala penelitian,pendidikan dan uji coba sesedikit mungkin mengalami penderitaan dan atau kesakitanselama digunakan .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Upaya implementasikannya dilakukan dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3 R </b>(Replacement,Reduction dan Refinement) dalam merencakan dan melaksanakan aktivitas ilmiah menggunakan hewan coba .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Replecemet</b> adalah hewab coba tidak digunakan apabila tujuan dari suatu riset dapat dicapai tanpa menggunakan hewan coba,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Reduction</b> adalah jumlah hewan coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan harus diusahakan sesedikit mungkin,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Refenement</b> adalah upaya memperingan rasa sakit,penderitaan atau gangguan lain yang ditimbulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akibat perlakuan dalam aktivitas ilmiah .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PETUNJUK PENANGANAN HEWAN PERCOBAAN</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Bekerja Dengan Hewan Percobaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap orang,baik praktikan maupun peneliti yang bekerja di laboratorium yang menggunakan hewan percobaan hendaknya membaca </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petunjuk memelihara dan menggunakan hewan percobaan .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-dasar pemeliharaan hewan percobaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan hewan dengan kasih sayang dan jangan sekali-kali menyakiti .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara perlakuan hewan percobaan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelinci dan marmut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangan sekali-kali memegang telinga kelinci karena syaraf dan pembuluh darah dapat terganggu .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tikus dan mencit</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peganglah pada ekornya,tetapi hati-hati,jangan sampai hewan tersebut membalikkan tubuhnya dan menggigit anda.Karena itu selain ekornya,pegang juga bagian leher belakang dekat kepala dengan ibu jari dan telunjuk .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan kembali hewan yang telah digunakan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghemat biaya,bila mungkin,diperbolehkan menggunakan hewab percobaan lebih dari sekali.Walupun demikian,jika hewan tersebut telah digunakan dalam percobaan sebelumnya masih berada dalam tubuh hewan,kemungkinan hail percobaan berikutnya akan memberikan data yang tidak benar.Hal ini terutama terjadi pada kasus pemberian barbiturate yang menyebabkan induksi enzim.Dengan dalih ini maka hewan percobaan tersebut baru boleh digunakan untuk percobaan berikutnya setelah selang waktu minimal 14 hari.Disamping itu,kelinci harus digunakan sebagai alternative untuk cara pemberian internal maupun eksternal,meskipun percobaan menjadi tidak berurutan .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi Kode Hewan Percobaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seringkali diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi hewan yang terdapat dalam satu kelompok atau kandang,sehingga hewan-hewan percobaan perlu sekali diberi kode.Gunakan larutan 10% <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">asam pikrat</b> dalam air dan sebuah sikat atau kuas .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Punggung hewan dibagi menjadi tiga bagian :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian kanan menunjukkan angka satuan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian Tengah menunjukkan angka puluhan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian kiri menunjukkan angka ratusan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memusnakan Hewan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara terbaik untuk membunuh hewan ialah dengan memberikan suatu anestetik over dosis.Injeksi Barbiturat (Natrium Pentobarbital 300 mg/ml) secara intravena untuk kelinci dan anjing,secara intraperitonial atau intrathoracial untuk marmut,tikus dan mencit atau dengan inhalasi menggunakan kloroform,karbon dioksida,nitrogen dan lain-lain dalam wadah tertutup untuk semua jenis hewan tersebut .</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hewan disembelih,kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kantong plastik dan dibungkus lagi dengan kertas,diletakkan di dalam tas plastik,di tutup dan simpan dalam lemari pendingin atau langsung diabukan .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENYAKIT PADA SISTEM PENCERNAAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adakalanya ketika dalam keadaan tertekan, kita merasa sakit perut. Timbulnya gangguan pada saluran cerna cukup sering dikeluhkan dan menjadi masalah kesehatan dalam masyarakat. Penyakit-penyakit yang timbul pada saluran </span><a href="http://kaltarabloggers.aimoo.com/url.cfm?link=CfK8twb$hOtRHgtNqwSPIqbA8gQ9$bVMM2M9SbGTpOc$n0Ne2j9JvTQ$atVDsYKsnBh9$a7tRZ2n3Z8YV6FoLQ==" title="Tips dan Cara Mengatasi Diare"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cerna</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, selain disebabkan oleh adanya faktor organik (kelainan struktur saluran cerna, infeksi) ternyata 40-60 % merupakan sindrom fungsional. Penderita dapat mengalami gangguan pencernaan walaupun penyebab dan mekanisme terjadinya gangguan tersebut secara pasti belum diketahui secara pasti, namun gangguan tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor psikologis. Sindrom fungsional pada gangguan saluran cerna tersebut, antara lain adalah : gastritis (upper abdominal syndrome), sindrom fungsional hipogastrium (lower abdominal syndrome), dan aerofagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit pencernaan adalah semua penyakit yang terjadi pada saluran pencernaan. Penyakit ini merupakan golongan besar dari penyakit pada organ esofagus, lambung, duodenum bagian pertama, kedua dan ketiga, jejunum, ileum, kolon, kolon sigmoid, dan rektum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disentri berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu dys (=gangguan) dan enteron (=usus), yang berarti radang usus yang menimbulkan gejala meluas, tinja lendir bercampur darah. Gejala-gejala disentri antara lain adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> * Buang air besar dengan tinja berdarah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> * Diare encer dengan volume sedikit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> * Buang air besar dengan tinja bercampur lender(mucus)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> * Nyeri saat buang air besar (tenesmus)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolitis adalah penyakit yang merupakan peradangan usus besar. Gejala pada kolitis termasuk rasa nyeri, demam, bengkak pada jaringan usus besar, berdarah, erithema permukaan usus besar, pendarahak rektal dan ulserasi usus besar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GASTRITIS (UPPER ABDOMINAL SYNDROME)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan pencernaan bagian atas yang secara umum dikenal sebagai penyakit “maag” merupakan gangguan saluran cerna yang cukup sering dikeluhkan. Selain disebabkan oleh faktor organik seperti adanya luka/peradangan pada saluran cerna bagian atas (lambung), gangguan ini juga dihubungkan dengan faktor psikologis mendasarinya. Gangguan ini ditandai antara lain oleh adanya rasa sakit dan atau rasa penuh di daerah epigastrium (ulu hati), kanan atau kiri di bawah lengkung iga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa sakit bersifat membakar atau samar-samar, tidak jarang menjalar, intensitasnya sedang, menghebat karena makanan atau langsung setelah makan, tidak ada hubungannya dengan kejadian tertentu. Gejala-gejala lain yang timbul antara lain gangguan menelan, eruktasi (bersendawa), pirosis (merasa terbakar dan rasa asam atau pahit), mual dan muntah, kembung (meteorismus), dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita gastritis biasanya menunjukkan perubahan yang cukup mencolok yaitu sikap depresi. Seringkali penderita menyalahkan lingkungan atau makanannya, tetapi ternyata dengan diet (makanan) juga tidak mengurangi rasa sakitnya. Mereka memiliki angan-angan untuk dirawat, dimanja, dan untuk memiliki objek yang diinginkan sehingga mereka sulit menemukan kepuasan yang dibutuhkannya. Keseimbangan yang rapuh yang mudah menjadi runtuh dapat terlihat ketika penderita mengalami keluhan pada saluran cernanya dan jelas terlihat adanya ketergantungan pada objek yang memanjakannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetapi penderita merasa takut tergantung pada orang yang menguasainya dan ketergantungan ini dirasakannya sebagai suatu penghinaan. Rasa takut ketergantungan, dan terhina mengakibatkan sikap agresif terhadap mereka, yang dapat memberikan kepuasan. Timbulnya depresi pada penderita gastritis dikarena mereka mengelakkan agresi yang timbul agar tidak kehilangan obyek yang memanjanya, dan ini menimbulkan rasa bersalah (guild) yang dirasakan dirinya sebagai sesuatu yang sangat buruk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DROM FUNGSIONAL HIPOGASTRIUM (LOWER ABDOMINAL SYNDROM)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan pencernaan yang mengenai saluran cerna bagian bawah ini juga dikenal sebagai spastic colon, irritable colon, colitis nervosa, dan obstipasi spastic. Tidak ditemukannya penyebab spesifik (infeksi, peradangan atau gangguan anatomis) dari hasil pemeriksaan pada saluran cerna bagian bawah, walaupun penderitanya tetap mengeluhkan kelainan pada pencernaannya, merupakan salah satu petunjuk kecurigaan adanya sindrom fungsional hipogastrium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita penyakit ini akan mengeluhkan rasa sakit pada perut, biasanya di bawah pusat, diare atau obstipasi (sembelit). Bila terjadi obstipasi, feses penderita dapat keluar berbentuk seperti potlot atau tahi kambing (obstipasi spastik).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor psikologis yang berperan pada penderitanya yaitu adanya harapan-harapan untuk </span><a href="http://kaltarabloggers.aimoo.com/url.cfm?link=CfK8twb$hOtRHgtNqwSPIqD/Ai4CrgPIKEJMXpirv0/Th8wSo$rjb7IRgb97uUN/5FxhScAPhpkFIjw5jHG3iBnusWY9XLUFa9RkzQcJ4WoVDDpG1nkrEQ==" title="Apa dan Bedanya Antara Peer Pressure dan Peer Motivation"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">meminta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lebih banyak lagi dari orang lain karena mereka telah memberi banyak pada orang tersebut. Angan-angan utama untuk dimanja telah berhasil diubahnya menjadi mekanisme-mekanisme pengelak, sehingga tidak timbul reaksi terhadap angan-angan pemanjaan yang tak dirasa puas. Mereka secara sadar yakin dapat memberi banyak kepada orang lain namun secara tidak sadar mereka meminta/mengharapkan lebih banyak lagi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita gangguan ini pada puncak intelektualitasnya dapat secara terus terang mengakui bahwa dengan prestasi yang mereka miliki, mereka dapat meminta lebih banyak. Secara tidak sadar mereka merasa bahwa mereka telah memberi “terlampau banyak”. Pertahanan diri mereka akan runtuh dan dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya gangguan saluran cerna tersebut bila mereka merasa “tidak dapat membayar” atau ketika meraka merasa dirinya “kurang dibayar”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AEROFAGI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala yang timbul dari gangguan saluran cerna ini adalah berupa rasa sakit perut dan perut dirasakan penuh dan membengkak, hal ini dibuktikan dengan bersendawa (belching) yang keras bertubi-tubi. Simtom ini terutama ditemukan pada meraka yang bergantian menelan dan mengeluarkan udara. Bila tidak dapat bersendawa, maka perut akan terasa kembung (meteorismus) dan kentut (flatus) yang tidak berbau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala-gejala tersebut juga sering disebut sebagai sindrom Roemheld yang terdiri dari rasa sakit di daerah jantung yang disebabkan oleh diafragma yang tertekan ke atas oleh lambung yang membengkak karena terisi oleh udara (meteorismus).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan sindrom fungsional saluran cerna ini memerlukan kerjasama yang baik dari penderita dan dokter yang merawatnya serta jika diperlukan dapat meminta bantuan dari seorang psikiater. Karena penyebab yang mendasari gangguan ini adalah faktor psikologis (setelah hasil pemeriksaan tidak ditemukan adanya penyebab organik yang mendasari nya) dari penderitanya maka selain memberikan pengobatan yang dapat mengurangi </span><a href="http://kaltarabloggers.aimoo.com/url.cfm?link=CfK8twb$hOtRHgtNqwSPIlIVSuvfukMSzwkonYVpMTc3ROR02osHDvj2A$NpJstxdSBedpHrKk5WTO9lRZ1/4QleeM5$vok6p92fGFehaC0=" title="Salah Satu Tanda Tak Sehat adalah Berkeringat?"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gejala</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dialami penderitanya maka psikoterapi juga dibutuhkan untuk menghilangkan atau setidaknya mengurangi gangguan ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>Penyakit pencernaan adalah semua <a href="http://kuliahdi.blogspot.com/search/label/Penyakit">penyakit</a> yang terjadi pada saluran pencernaan. Penyakit ini merupakan golongan besar dari penyakit pada organ esofagus, lambung, duodenum bagian pertama, kedua dan ketiga, jejunum, ileum, kolon, kolon sigmoid, dan rektum.<br />
<strong>Mencret (Diare)</strong><br />
Diare terjadi karena adanya rangsangan yang berlebihan pada mukosa usus sehingga gerakan otot usus meningkat dan makanan kurang terserap secara sempurna. Diare termasuk gangguan perncernaan yang paling sering muncul terutama pada anak-anak.<br />
Diare akut kalau anak mencret lebih dari 4 kali sehari. Penyebabnya bisa infeksi, bisa juga hanya karena salah makan, sebagai contoh makanan yang tidak sesuai dengan usia anak, misalnya sudah diberikan makan padat sebelum waktunya.<br />
Faktor kebersihan juga menjadi sebab diare. Diare yang disebabkan bakteri atau salah makan adalah penyebab utama gangguan pencernaan pada anak di bawah 5 tahun (Balita). Selain itu, ada juga diare akibat cacingan.<br />
<strong>Pengobatan mencret</strong><br />
Pengobatan diare yang paling dianjurkan adalah memberikan oralit. Tidak ada anak yang meninggal karena diare, yang ada meninggal karena dehidrasi. Jadi, yang perlu diwaspadai bukan diarenya, melainkan dehidrasinya. Selama cairan tubuhnya cukup, tak perlu khawatir. Salah satu indikator dehidrasi adalah buang air kecilnya.<br />
Selama kencingnya cukup, berarti tidak ada dehidrasi. Berikan oralit, karena sudah disesuaikan dengan cairan yang dikeluarkan melalui BAB.”<br />
Oralit mengandung glukose, natrium, kalium, dan bikarbonat untuk menggantikan cairan yang hilang lewat BAB. Sementara pada air putih, natrium dan kaliumnya turun. Anak malah bisa kejang, kembung, dan lemas kalau hanya tergantikan airnya saja. Yang juga harus diperhatikan, jangan menyamakan komposisi oralit untuk anak dan dewasa. “Pada anak, natriumnya lebih rendah. Jadi, kalau mencretnya 2 sendok, jangan memberikan oralit segelas, mencret setengah gelas, jangan memberikan oralit tiga gelas.<br />
Jadinya malah hipernatrium, bisa-bisa anak mengalami koma. Kebutuhan cairan disesuaikan dengan oralit.<br />
<strong>Sembelit (Konstipasi)</strong><br />
Konstipasi adalah kelainan pada sistem pencernaan dengan gejala mengalami pengerasan feses yang sulit untuk dibuang yang dapat menyebabkan kesakitan pada penderitanya. Konstipasi dapat disebabkan oleh pola makan, hormon, akibat samping obat-obatan, dan juga karena kelainan anatomis. Biasanya, konstipasi disebabkan karena defekasi yang tidak teratur sehingga feses mengeras dan sulit dikeluarkan. Pengobatan konstipasi dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah pola makan, obat pencahar (laksatif), terapi serat, dan pembedahan, walaupun pilihan terakhir jarang dilakukan. Konstipasi hebat disebut juga dengan obstipasi. Gangguan pada sistem pencernaan juga bisa disebabkan karena stres. Sebab stres dapat mempengaruhi sistem saraf dalam tubuh. Sementara penanganan untuk yang susah BAB, harus dilihat dulu apa penyebabnya.<br />
<strong>Wasir atau hemoroid</strong><br />
Wasir atau hemoroid adalah pelebaran pembuluh darah balik (vena) di dalam anyaman pembuluh darah. Keluhan pertama kali yaitu darah segar menetes setelah buang air besar (BAB). Biasanya tanpa disertai rasa nyeri dan gatal di anus. Pencegahannya adalah perlu diet tinggi serat dengan makan sayur sayuran dan buah-buahan yang bertujuan membuat volume tinjanya besar, tetapi lembek, sehingga saat BAB, karena tidak perlu mengejan dapat merangsang wasir.<br />
<strong>Kanker usus</strong><br />
Kanker usus merupakan <a href="http://kuliahdi.blogspot.com/search/label/Penyakit">penyakit</a> ketiga yang menjadi penyebab kematian di seluruh dunia. Penelitian sebelumnya dengan menggunakan binatang sebagai percobaan, kandungan kalsium yang banyak terdapat pada susu mampu melindungi usus dari serangan kanker. Studi pada manusia juga menunjukan keseluruhan jumlah kalsium yang dikonsumsi sangat positif dakam mengurangi tingkat dari resiko kanker susu ini. Setiap kenaikan 1.000 miligram kalsium sehari atau lebih akan mempu mengurangi 15% resiko dari kanker usus pada wanita dan 10% pada pria. Konsumsi susu dan kalsium bisa mengurangi resiko terkena kanker usus. Keju dan yoghurt juga merupakan hasil olahan dari susu.<br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DokterSehat – Sebagai saluran terakhir pencernaan makanan, usus berpotensi terkena kanker dari makanan yang kita konsumsi. Ada lima stadium dengan sifat masing-masing dan besaran kemungkinan bertahan hidup yang semakin kecil bagi pasien.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lelah, sesak napas waktu bekerja, dan kepala terasa pening.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendarahan pada rektum, rasa kenyang bersifat sementara, atau kram lambung serta adanya tekanan pada rektum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya darah dalam tinja, seperti terjadi pada penderita pendarahan lambung, polip usus, atau wasir.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pucat, sakit pada umumnya, malnutrisi, lemah, kurus, terjadi cairan di dalam rongga perut, pembesaran hati, serta pelebaran saluran limpa.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontak dengan zat-zat kimia tertentu seperti logam berat, toksin, dan ototoksin serta gelombang elektromagnetik.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola makan yang buruk, antara lain terlalu banyak daging dan lemak yang tidak diimbangi buah dan sayuran segar yang banyak mengandung serat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat besi yang berlebihan diantaranya terdapat pada pigmen empedu, daging sapi dan kambing serta tranfusi darah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemak jenuh dan asam lemak omega-6 (asam linol).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minuman beralkohol, khususnya bir. Usus mengubah alkohol menjadi asetilaldehida yang meningkatkan risiko menderita kanker kolon.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obesitas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bekerja sambil duduk seharian, seperti para eksekutif, pegawai administrasi, atau pengemudi kendaraan umum.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan medis<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Fiberoptik kolonoskopi:<br />
Memasukkan sejenis pipa terbuat dari serat optik ke dalam usus melalui anus (dubur). Kamera yang terdapat pada alat itu bisa digunakan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan apakah dalam usus terdapat polip atau tidak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CT Scan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan darah:<br />
Menentukan tumor marker CEA (carcino-embryonis antigen) dalam darah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perawatan<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemoterapi<br />
Radiasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operasi<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemotongan usus besar yang sakit, dan menyambungkan kembali dua ujung bagian usus besar yang sehat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik laparoskopi:<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui beberapa lubang kecil yang dibuat dibeberapa titik di perut. Operasi dilakukan dengan alat-alat kecil yang dioperasikan lewat lubang-lubang itu dan dipantau lewat layar monitor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencegahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsumsi banyak makanan berserat. Untuk memperlancar buang air besar dan menurunkan derajat keasaman, kosentrasi asam lemak, asam empedu, dan besi dalam usus besar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak omega-3, yang banyak terdapat dalam </span><a href="http://pills-store-online.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">generic drugs online pharmacy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ikan tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kosentrasi kalsium, vitamin A, C, D, dan E dan betakarotin.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susu yang mengandung Lactobacillus acidophilus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berolahraga dan banyak bergerak sehingga semakin mudah dan teratur untuk buang air besar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidup rileks dan kurangi stres.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deteksi Dini<br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti halnya deteksi dini kanker mulut rahim menggunakan papsmear atau untuk kanker payudara memakai mamografi, terhadap kanker kolon pun bisa dilakukan deteksi dini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deteksi dini kanker kolon dianjurkan kepada mereka yang telah menginjak usia 50 tahun. Tetapi bagi mereka yang memiliki riwayat keluarga pernah terkena kanker ovarium, kolon dan kanker paru, disarankan melakukan deteksi dini sebelum usia 50 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanker kolon dianggap sebagai penyakit yang perjalanannya lambat. Karena itu masyarakat dianjurkan melakukan deteksi dini melalui pemeriksaan darah yang ada dalam tinja dan kolonoskopi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sebaiknya deteksi dini dilakukan sejak usia 40 tahun bagi yang memang memiliki riwayat ketiga jenis kanker tersebut dalam keluarganya,” kata dr Aru W Sudoyo, konsultan hematologi dan onkologi medik dari FKUI/RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo kepada Media Indonesia, pekan lalu di ruang kerjanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apalagi bagi mereka yang telah mengalami gejala, seperti perdarahan pada saat buang air besar dan tertutupnya jalan usus atau penyumbatan,” lanjut Aru, deteksi dini sangat disarankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Aru, beberapa prosedur deteksi dini kanker kolon antara lain:<br />
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Pemeriksaan colok dubur oleh dokter bila seseorang mencapai usia 50 tahun. Pemeriksaan tersebut sekaligus untuk mengetahui adanya kelainan pada prostat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah itu, dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium yaitu pemeriksaan darah samar (occult blood) secara berkala, apakah terdapat darah pada tinja atau tidak. Kemudian pemeriksaan secara visual dengan endoskopi di kolon atau disebut kolonoskopi. Pemeriksaan kolonoskopi atau teropong usus ini dianjurkan segera dilakukan bagi mereka yang sudah mencapai usia 50 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan kolonoskopi relatif aman, tidak berbahaya, namun pemeriksaan ini tidak menyenangkan. Kolonoskopi dilakukan untuk menemukan kanker kolorektal sekaligus mendapatkan jaringan untuk diperiksa di laboratorium patologi. Pada pemeriksaan ini diperlukan alat endoskopi fiberoptik yang digunakan untuk pemeriksaan kolonoskopi. Alat tersebut dapat melihat sepanjang usus besar, memotretnya, sekaligus biopsi tumor bila ditemukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara lain untuk menunjang diagnosis kanker kolon adalah dengan enema barium. Pada pemeriksaan enema barium, bahan cair barium dimasukkan ke usus besar melalui dubur dan siluet (bayangan)-nya dipotret dengan alat rontgen. Pada pemeriksaan ini hanya dapat dilihat bahwa ada kelainan, mungkin tumor, dan bila ada perlu diikuti dengan pemeriksaan kolonoskopi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan ini juga dapat mendeteksi kanker dan polip yang besarnya melebihi satu sentimeter. Kelemahannya, pada pemeriksaan ini tidak dapat dilakukan biopsi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan kolonoskopi dapat dilihat kelainan berdasarkan gambaran makroskopik. Bila tidak ada penonjolan atau ulkus, pengamatan kolonoskopi ditujukan pada kelainan warna, bentuk permukaan, dan gambaran pembuluh darahnya. Aru mengatakan dengan deteksi dini diharapkan kanker kolon dapat segera ditangani atau diterapi. Beberapa terapi, seperti kemoterapi dan radiasi dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi kanker kolon</span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-57036682810467934592011-10-15T11:05:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:05:22.417-07:00pemeliharaan dan penggunaan hewan coba<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMELIHARAAN DAN PENGGUNAAN HEWAN COBA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Karakteristik Hewan Coba Mencit dan Kelinci</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mencit liar atau mencit rumah adalah hewan semarga dengan mencit laboiratorium. Hewan tersebut tersebar du seluruh dunia dan sering ditemukan di dekat atau di dalam gedung dan rumah yang dihuni manusia. Mencit juga dapat ditemukan banyak ditemukan didaerah lain yang tidak dekat dengan manusia, asal ada makanan dan tmpat berlindung. Semua galur mencit laboratorium yang ada pada waktu ini merupakan turunan dari mencit liar sesudah melalui peternakan selektif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adapun karakteristik dari mencit yaitu bulu mencit liar berwarna keabu-abuan, dan warna perut sedikit lebih pucat. Mata berwarna hitam dan kulit berpigmen. Berat badan bervariasi, tetapi umumnya pada 4 minggu berat badab mencapai 18-20 gram. Mencit liar dewasa dapat mencapai 30-40 gram pada umur 6 bulan atau lebih. Mencit liar makan segala makanan (omnivorus), dan mau coba makan apapun penganan yang tersedia bahkan bahan yang tidak bias di makan. Akan tetapi bahan-bhan yang tidak bias di makan akan dicicipi dahulu dan hanya akan kembali makan lagi jika ada akibat-akibat buruk setelah mencicipinya. Mencit liar dapat masuk lubang yang sangat kecil, liang di dinding dan celah-celah pada atap. Hewan ini dapat berjalan amat jauh dalam pipa yang mempunyai gari tengah sebesar 2,5 cm, dan dengan mudah dapat memanjat dinding batu bata. Meskipun mencit l;iat lebih suka suhu lingkungan tinggi, mencit liar dapat hidup terus dalam suhi rendah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selain mencit, kelinci juga dapat dijadikan sebagai hewan coba. Adapun karakteristik dari kelinci yaitu kelinci mempunyai kemampuan untuk hidup dalam habitat sangat berbeda yang bervariasi mulai dari padang pasir hingga daerah subtropics. Akan tetapi, kelinci<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkembang bauk paling baik di daerah beriklim sedang. Biasanya, kelinci liar tinggal dalam lubang-lubang dalam tanah.kelinci mempunyai tabiat menarik sekali dan juga sangat penting, yaitu makan tinjanya (coprophagy). Kelinci mengeluarkan dua mavam tinja. Pada siang hari, butir tinja keras dan kering. Akan tetapi pada malam hari tinja lembek dan berlendir. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pemeliharaan Kandang Hewan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mencit laboratorium dapat dikandangkan dalam kotak sebesar kotak sepatu. Kotak dapat dibuat dari berbagai mavam bahan, misalnya plastic, aluminium atau baja tahan karat. Kandang-kandang mencit dapat ditempatkan dikandang yang mempunyai dinding dan lantai dari kawat. Prinsip dasar yang perlu dicamkan kalau memilih kotak mencit ialah bahwa kotak harus mudah dibersihkan dan disterilkan. Kotak mencit harus tahan lama, tahan digigit dan mencit tidak dapat lepas. Biasanya kotak yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat dari plastic polivinil klorida (PVC) tidak begitu memuaskan karena plastic ini lunak dan dapat dikerta oleh mencit. Plastic ini juga sukar disterilkan karena tidak begitu tahan panas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penting sekali tersedia alas tidur (bedding) dengan kualitas bagus dan bersih. Alas tidur harus tidak begitu menarik mencit binatang lainnya, misalnya kutu. Selanjutnya, alas tidur harus dapat menghisap air dan tidak mengandung zat-zat yang dapat mengganggub penelitian. Alas tidur harus diganti sesering mungkin. Dalam praktek, kalau tercium ammonia dari kotak mencit, maka alas tidur perlu diganti. Makin banyak mencit dalam tiap kotak, makin cepat berbau. Tetapi meskipun lambat berbau, alas tidur harus diganti sekurang-kurangnya satu kali tiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minggu. Selama musim hujan, pada waktu kelembapan udara tinggi, alas tidur cepat basah, sehingga harus lebih sering diganti, mungkin dua sampai tiga tiap minggu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada umumnya, gedung kelinci laboratorium mempunyai persyaratan sederhana yang meliputi kebersihan, hewan terlindungi dari angin, hujan, dan cahaya matahari langsung danm lama, dan memperoleh cahaya cukup dan udara segar. System mengandangkan kelinci sedikit berbeda dengan system pada mencit, tikus dan marmot, itu biasanya hanya seekor kelinci dalam satu kandang. Gedung untuk kelinci tidak perlu mempunyai standar sama dengan gedung hewan percobaan lain kecuali kalau perlu perlindungan terhadap suhu tinggi. Namun, kalau dipakai kandang dengan lantai luas diperlukan gedung dengan kualitas sama dengan gedung hewan percobaan lain tersebut. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">System perkandangan yang cocok din pakai di daerah pegunungan, didaerah tropis, misalnya 500-1000 meter diatas permukaan laut. Kandang semacam ini dapat dibuta dari kayu dan bamboo. Atap kandang harus tahan hujan, dinding dibuat dari papan kayu dan mempunyai celah, lantai terdiri atas bilah bamboo supaya tinja dapat jatuh. Kandang tidak perlu diletakkan dalam gedung, tetapi system ini dapat dipakai di dalam gedung di daerah sedikit lebih panas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Makanan dan Minuman Hewan Coba</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Persiapan dalam menyediakan makanan mencit yang lengkap termasuk memperhatikan kira-kira 50 komponen penting. Persiapan ioni meliputi membuat resep dan membuat makanan sehingga mengandung komponen-komponen dengan kadar yang diperlukan dengan mempertimbangkan factor-faktor lain yang ada hubungannya denga kualitas makanan. Factor-falktor yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kualitas makanan termasduk apakah bahan makanan mudah dicerna, enak dan mencit mau makan, cara menyiapkan dan menyimpan makana serta konsentrasi zat kimia atau bahkan kuman pencemar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada umunya, makanan mencit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan kualitas tetap harus tersedia, sebab perubahan kualitasa dapat menyebabkan penurunan berat badan dan tenaga. Akan tetapi, bahan dasar makanan mencit dapat sedikit bervariasi misanya dengan susunan sebagai berikut : protein, 20-25%; lemak, 10-12%; pati, 45-55%; serat kasar, 4% atau kurang; dan abu, 5-6%. Selanjutnya, makanan mencit harsu berisi vitamin A (15.000-20.000 IU/kg); vitamin D (5000 IU/kg); al;fa tokofenol (50 mg/kg); asam linoleat (5-10 g/kg); timin (15-20 mg/kg); riboplavi (8 mg/kg); pantotenat (20 mg/kg); viotamin B12 (30 UG/kg); biotin (80-200 UG/kg); piridoksin (5 mg/kg); intisol (10-1000 mg/kg); dan kolin (20 h/kg). tiap hari, seekor mencit dewasa makan 3 g – 5 g makanan. Kalau mencit sedang bunting ataun menyusui, nafsu makannya bertambah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seperti untuik semua jenis hewan percobaan lain, kualitas makanan kelinci merupakan factor penting yang mempengaruhi kamampuan kilinci dalam mencapai kemampuan genetic untuk pertumbuhan, pembiuakan, panjangan umur maupun reaksi terhadap perlakuan dan lain-lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada dasarnya, makanan kelinci tidak banyak berbeda dengan makanan marmot. Yang pasti, kelinci tidak memer;lukan vitamiun C dan serat kasar secara khusus seperti marmot, tetapi karena bahan ini biasanya diberikan kepada marmot dfalam bentuk suplemen, resep rangsum kelinci biasanya sama dengan resep rangsum marmot, dan cara pembuatannyajuga sama. Bahan penyusun makanan kelinci dapat sedikit bervariasi, misalnya terdiri dari protein 16 – 20 %, lemak, 5 – 10 %; pati, 40 – 5-b %; seta kasar, 10 – 20 %; dan abu, 5 %. Selanjutnya makanan kelinci harus berisi vitamin A (9000 IU/kg); niasin (1 -2 vgr/kg), asam nikotinal (50 mh/kg) Dn kolion (mg/kg). tiap hari seekor kelinci dewasa makan 75 g sampai 100 g makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-7516791163210627642011-10-15T11:04:00.000-07:002011-10-15T11:04:07.371-07:00nitrimetri perbaikan<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisa kualitatif dapat dilakukan dengan cara klinik maupun instrumental yaitu dengan menggunakan alat modern. Cara klasik dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa metode diantaranya adalah volumetri.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrimetri merupakan cara analisa volumetri yang berdasarkan pada reaksi pembentukan garam diazonium. Garam diazonium itu terbentuk dari hasil reaksi antara senyawa yang mengandung gugus amin aromatis bebas, pada suhu di bawah 15°C dalam senyawa asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa-senyawa yang dapat ditentukan dengan metode nitrimetri adalah seperti sulfamerazin, sulfadiazin dan sulfanilamid. Senyawa-senyawa ini dalam dunia farmasi sangat bermanfaat seperti sulfanilamid sangat berguna sebagai obat antimikroba. Melihat kegunaannya tersebut maka percobaan ini perlu dilakukan agar penyalahgunaan obat-obatan tersebut dapat dihindari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam titrasi diazotasi, digunakan dua macam indikator, yaitu indikator dalam dan indikator luar. Sebagai indikator dalam digunakan campuran indikator tropeolin oo dan metilen biru, yang mengalami perubahan warna dari ungu menjadi biru kehijauan. Sedangkan untuk indikator luarnya digunakan kertas kanji iodide</span></div><h2 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rumusan Masalah</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara penentuan suatu zat dengan menggunakan metode nitrimetri ?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui bagaimana prosedur kerja dari nitrimetri?</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Maksud Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui dan memahami cara penentuan kadar zat dengan metode tertentu.</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menentukan kadar Sulfamerazin dengan menggunakan metode nintrimetri.</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Manfaat Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kita dapat mengetahui reaksi apa yang terjadi pada Sulfamerazin dengan menggunakan metode nitrimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 24.0pt .75in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Teori Umum</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi redoks banyak digunakan dalam pemeriksaan kimia karena berbagai zat organik dan zat anorganik dapat ditentukan dengan cara ini. Namun demikian agar tirasi redoks ini berhasil dengan baik, maka persyaratan berikut harus dipenuhi (Rivai, H, 1995):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia pasangan sistem redoks yang sesuai sehingga terjadi pertukaran elektron secara stokhiometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi redoks harus berjalan cukup cepat dan berlangsung secara terukur (kesempurnaan 99%).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia cara penentuan titik akhir yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu metode yang termasuk dalam titrasi redoks adalah diazotasi (nitritometri). Titrasi diazotasi berdasarkan pada pembentukan garam diazonium dari gugus amin aromatis bebas yang direaksikan dengan asam nitrit, dimana asam nitrit ini diperoleh dengan cara mereaksikan natrium nitrit dengan suatu asam (Wunas, J, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada reaksi diazotasi (Wunas, J, 1986):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi diazotasi sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu rendah, lebih kecil dari 15°C karena asam nitrit yang terbentuk dari reaksi natrium nitrit dengan asam tidak stabil dan mudah terurai, dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk pada hasil titrasi juga tidak stabil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi titrasi amin aromatis pada reaksi diazotasi barjalan agak lambat, titrasi sebaiknya dilakukan secra perlahan-lahan, dan reaksi diazotasi dapat dikatalisa dengan penambahan natrium dan kalium bromida sebagai katalisator.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudah kita lihat bahwa dalam titrasi redoks ada dua jenis indikator, indikator khusus yang bereaksi dengan salah satu komponen yang bereaksi, dan indikator oksidasi reduksi yang sebenarnya tidak tergantung dari salah satu zat, tetapi hanya pada potensial larutan selama titrasi. Pemilihan indikator yang cocok ditentukan oleh kekuatan oksidasi titran dan titrat, dengan perkataan lain, potensial titik ekivalen titrasi tersebut. Bila potensial peralihan indikator tergantung dari pH, maka juga harus B.diusahakan agar pH tidak berubah selama titrasi berlangsung (Harjadi, W, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam titrasi diazotasi, digunakan dua macam indikator, yaitu indikator dalam dan indikator luar. Sebagai indikator dalam digunakan campuran indikator tropeolin oo dan metilen biru, yang mengalami perubahan warna dari ungu menjadi biru kehijauan. Sedangkan untuk indikator luarnya digunakan kertas kanji iodida (Wunas, J, 1986).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uraian bahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air suling (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 96)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinonim<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Air suling, Aquadest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berasa, tidak </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 129.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai bau</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium Nitrit (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 714)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrii nitrit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrium nitrit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: NaNO<sub>2</sub>/69,00</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Hablur atau granul, tidak berwarna atau putihj </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 107.45pt; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekuningan rapuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Larut dalam 1,5 bagian air, agak sukar larut </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 143.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>etanol 95 % P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai larutan baku /penitran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam klorida (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 53)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Acidum hydrochloridum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: HCl/36,46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air, uap dan bau hilang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai pemberi asam / katalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfamerazin ( Ditjen POM, 1979, 584)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sulfamerazinum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: sulfamerazina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 109px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 40px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 308px; z-index: 251672576;"><img alt="Text Box: NH2-- --SO2NH—
CH3
N" height="109" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="308" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S / 254,31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 370px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251680758;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 370px; margin-top: 47px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251679734;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 369px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 274px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 260px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 54px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="54" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="10" width="406"><br />
</td> </tr>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk putih sampai agak kuning, tidak berbau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau hampir tidak berbau, rasa agak pahit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sangat sukar larut didalam air, dalam kloroform </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P dan dalam etanol p, sukar larut dalam etanol </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(90%) p; mudah larut dalam asam mineral encer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan dalam larutan alkali hidroksida.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Antibakteri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik, terlindung dari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cahaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persyaratan Kadar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0 % C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S dihitung terhadap zat yang telah dikeringkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kalium Iodida (Dirjen POM, 1979, Hal.,330)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kalii iodidum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kalium iodida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: KI / 166,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pemerian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Hablur heksahedral, transparan atau tidak </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">berwarna, opak dan putih, atau serbuk butiran putih. Higroskopik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air, lanih mudah larut dalam air mendidih, larut dalam etanol 95 % P, mudah larut dalam gliserol P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Anti jamur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai reduktor yang melepaskan I<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Prosedur Kerja </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Pembuatan pasta kanji iodida ( Farmakope III Hal 690)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kalium iodida kanji, larutan pasta kanji iodida P larutkan 10 gram kalium iodida P dalam air secukupnya hingga 95 ml, dan tambahkan 5 ml larutan kanji P. Larutkan kalium iodida kanji P harus dibuat baru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Prosedur kerja sulfadiazine (anonym 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Timbang saksama 200 mg zat uji sulfadiazine, larutkan dalam 75 ml air suling dan 10 ml HCl pekat. Dinginkan dan titrasi dengan larutan baku natrium nitrit 0,1N pada tempratur tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C menggunkan indicator<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tropeolin oo 0,1% dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metilen biru 0,1% sambil diaduk sampa terjadi perubahan warna dari ungu ke biru hijau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE PERCOBAAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat Yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat yang digunakan pada saat praktikum dilakukan antara lain yaitu,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> , </i>Botol semprot<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baskom<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></i>erlenmeyer, gelas kimia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>pipet tetes, termometer, gelas ukur, corong, buret, statif.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Bahan yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan pada saat praktikum dilakukan antara lain yaitu, Aquadest , Aluminium foil , HCl pekat, kertas indicator kanji, Sulfamerazin, es batu, natrium nitrit, tissue, kertas timbang.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cara Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Ditimbang saksama 50,2 mg sulfamerazin, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 50 ml air suling dan 5 ml HCl pekat. Erlenmeyer diutup dengan aluminium foil, dinginkan dengan cara merendam Erlenmeyer berisi larutan kedalam es batu, sambil diukur suhu tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C dengan menggunakan termometer. Dititrasi dengan menggunakan kertas indikator kanji, dengan cara mencelupkan batang pengaduk pada larutan yang dititrasi kemudian digoreskan kedalam kertas indicator kanji hingga terbentuk warna biru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persyaratan Kadar dalam Farmakope III hal 584 :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sulfamerazin mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S dihitung terhadap zat yang telah dikeringkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 67.5pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tabel Hasil Pengamatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penetapan kadar Sulfamerazin</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume Natrium nitrit</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfamerazin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50,2 mg</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,8 ml</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perhitungan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Kadar I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>V . </u></span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">N</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Berat Setara</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat Sampel . Fk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>1</u></span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">8ml . 0,1 N.</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">26,43</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50,2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> . 0,1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= </span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4,7574</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">x 100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,02</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">94,76 </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">%</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><sub><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></sub><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NaNO<sub>2 </sub>+HCl <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HNO<sub>2 +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi nitrimetri didasarkan pada garam diazonium dari gugus amin aromatis yang direaksikan dengan asam nitrat dimana asam nitrat diperoleh dengan mereaksikan natrium nitrit dengan suatu asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan dari percobaan nitrimetri ini adalah Menentukan kadar Sulfamerazin dengan menggunakan metode nintrimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada percobaan ini digunakan sampel sulfamerasin dengan indikator pasta kanji, natrium nitrit sebagai nitran, dan HCl pekat sebagai pereaksi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Cara kerja yang pertama yang dilakukan yaitu,ditimbang saksama 50,2 mg sulfamerazin, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 50 ml air suling dan 5 ml HCl pekat. Erlenmeyer diutup dengan aluminium foil, dinginkan dengan cara merendam Erlenmeyer berisi larutan kedalam es batu, sambil diukur suhu tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C dengan menggunakan termometer. Dititrasi dengan menggunakan kertas indikator kanji, dengan cara mencelupkan batang pengaduk pada larutan yang dititrasi kemudian digoreskan kedalam kertas indicator kanji hingga terbentuk warna biru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kadar sulfamerazin yang didapatkan pada percobaan ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah 94,76%. Sedangkan menurut Farmakope Indonsia Edisi III, kadar Sulfamerazin yaitu mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S .Sehingga diketahui bahwa hasil yang diperoleh tidak sesuai dengan literatur yang ada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>faktor kesalahan dalam percobaan yang mana mengakibatkan hasil titrasi yang tidak sesuai dengan yang diinginkan atau dibandingkan dengan literature hal ini di karenakan beberapa factor seperti dalam menentukan titik akhir titrasi yang kurang tepat,dimana titrasi ditentukan tidak tepat sebelum atau sesudah titik ekuivalen,ketidaktelitian dalam membaca skala alat ukur,pemberi air dalam melarutkan larutan serta kesalahan dalam melakukan penimbangan atau penentuan berat sampel yang digunakan dalam titrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB VI</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari percobaan nitrimetri dapat disimpulkan bahwa %Kadar sulfamerazin adalah 94,76% hal ini tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan kadar yang tertera didalam Farmakope III yaitu “Sulfamerazin mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S “.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 30.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Alat praktikum yang ingin digunakan sebaiknya lebih lengkap, sehingga praktikum lebih cepat berlangsung.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rivai, H., (1995), “Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia”, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wunas, J., Said, S., (1986), “Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif” UNHAS, Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harjadi, W., (1986), “Ilmu Kimia Analitik Dasar”, Gramedia, Jakarta </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dirjen POM, (1979), “Farmakope Indonesia”, edisi III, Departemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dirjen POM, (1994), “Farmakope Indonesia”, edisi IV, Depatemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-84102979165433034492011-10-15T11:03:00.005-07:002011-10-15T11:03:23.013-07:00nitrimetri<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nitrimetri merupakan cara analisa volumetri yang berdasarkan pada reaksi pembentukan garam diazonium. Garam diazonium itu terbentuk dari hasil reaksi antara senyawa yang mengandung gugus amin aromatis bebas, pada suhu di bawah 15°C dalam senyawa asam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada reaksi diazotasi di antaranya adalah suhu. Dimana titrasi diazotasi sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu rendah, lebih kecil dari 15°C karena asam nitrit yang terbentuk dari reaksi natrium nitrit dengan asam tidak stabil dan mudah terurai, dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk pada hasil titrasi juga tidak stabil. Yang kedua adalah Kecepatan reaksi, karena reaksi titrasi amin aromatis pada reaksi diazotasi barjalan agak lambat, titrasi sebaiknya dilakukan secra perlahan-lahan, dan reaksi diazotasi dapat dikatalisa dengan penambahan natrium dan kalium bromida sebagai katalisator.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Analisa kualitatif dapat dilakukan dengan cara klinik maupun instrumental yaitu dengan menggunakan alat modern. Cara klasik dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa metode diantaranya adalah volumetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa-senyawa yang dapat ditentukan dengan metode nitrimetri adalah seperti sulfamerazin, sulfadiazin dan sulfanilamid. Senyawa-senyawa ini dalam dunia farmasi sangat bermanfaat seperti sulfanilamid sangat berguna sebagai obat antimikroba. Melihat kegunaannya tersebut maka percobaan ini perlu dilakukan agar penyalahgunaan obat-obatan tersebut dapat dihindari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam titrasi diazotasi, digunakan dua macam indikator, yaitu indikator dalam dan indikator luar. Sebagai indikator dalam digunakan campuran indikator tropeolin oo dan metilen biru, yang mengalami perubahan warna dari ungu menjadi biru kehijauan. Sedangkan untuk indikator luarnya digunakan kertas kanji iodide</span></div><h2 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rumusan Masalah</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan memperhatikan permasalahan yang ada maka dapat di buat rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara penentuan suatu zat dengan menggunakan metode nitrimetri ?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana prosedur kerja dari nitrimetri?</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Maksud Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maksud percobaan ini ialah mengetahui dan memahami cara penentuan kadar zat dengan metode tertentu.</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menentukan kadar Sulfamerazin dengan menggunakan metode nintrimetri.</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Manfaat Percobaan</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kita dapat mengetahui reaksi apa yang terjadi pada Sulfamerazin dengan menggunakan metode nitrimetri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 24.0pt .75in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KAJIAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Teori Umum</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi redoks banyak digunakan dalam pemeriksaan kimia karena berbagai zat organik dan zat anorganik dapat ditentukan dengan cara ini. Namun demikian agar tirasi redoks ini berhasil dengan baik, maka persyaratan berikut harus dipenuhi (Rivai, H, 1995):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia pasangan sistem redoks yang sesuai sehingga terjadi pertukaran elektron secara stokhiometri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi redoks harus berjalan cukup cepat dan berlangsung secara terukur (kesempurnaan 99%).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harus tersedia cara penentuan titik akhir yang sesuai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu metode yang termasuk dalam titrasi redoks adalah diazotasi (nitritometri). Titrasi diazotasi berdasarkan pada pembentukan garam diazonium dari gugus amin aromatis bebas yang direaksikan dengan asam nitrit, dimana asam nitrit ini diperoleh dengan cara mereaksikan natrium nitrit dengan suatu asam (Wunas, J, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada reaksi diazotasi (Wunas, J, 1986):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi diazotasi sebaiknya dilakukan pada suhu rendah, lebih kecil dari 15°C karena asam nitrit yang terbentuk dari reaksi natrium nitrit dengan asam tidak stabil dan mudah terurai, dan garam diazonium yang terbentuk pada hasil titrasi juga tidak stabil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi titrasi amin aromatis pada reaksi diazotasi barjalan agak lambat, titrasi sebaiknya dilakukan secra perlahan-lahan, dan reaksi diazotasi dapat dikatalisa dengan penambahan natrium dan kalium bromida sebagai katalisator.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sudah kita lihat bahwa dalam titrasi redoks ada dua jenis indikator, indikator khusus yang bereaksi dengan salah satu komponen yang bereaksi, dan indikator oksidasi reduksi yang sebenarnya tidak tergantung dari salah satu zat, tetapi hanya pada potensial larutan selama titrasi. Pemilihan indikator yang cocok ditentukan oleh kekuatan oksidasi titran dan titrat, dengan perkataan lain, potensial titik ekivalen titrasi tersebut. Bila potensial peralihan indikator tergantung dari pH, maka juga harus B.diusahakan agar pH tidak berubah selama titrasi berlangsung (Harjadi, W, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam titrasi diazotasi, digunakan dua macam indikator, yaitu indikator dalam dan indikator luar. Sebagai indikator dalam digunakan campuran indikator tropeolin oo dan metilen biru, yang mengalami perubahan warna dari ungu menjadi biru kehijauan. Sedangkan untuk indikator luarnya digunakan kertas kanji iodida (Wunas, J, 1986).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Uraian bahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air suling (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 96)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinonim<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Air suling, Aquadest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berasa, tidak </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 129.3pt; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai bau</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium Nitrit (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 714)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrii nitrit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrium nitrit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: NaNO<sub>2</sub>/69,00</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Hablur atau granul, tidak berwarna atau putihj </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 107.45pt; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekuningan rapuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Larut dalam 1,5 bagian air, agak sukar larut </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 143.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>etanol 95 % P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai larutan baku /penitran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam klorida (Ditjen POM, 1979 : 53)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Acidum hydrochloridum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: HCl/36,46</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air, uap dan bau hilang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai pemberi asam / katalis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfamerazin ( Ditjen POM, 1979, 584)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sulfamerazinum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: sulfamerazina</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 109px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 40px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 308px; z-index: 251672576;"><img alt="Text Box: NH2-- --SO2NH—
CH3
N" height="109" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="308" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S / 254,31</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 370px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251680740;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 370px; margin-top: 47px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251679716;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 369px; margin-top: 23px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 274px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 260px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 54px; z-index: 251673600;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="54" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="10" width="406"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="10" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="15" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><br />
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk putih sampai agak kuning, tidak berbau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau hampir tidak berbau, rasa agak pahit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sangat sukar larut didalam air, dalam kloroform </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P dan dalam etanol p, sukar larut dalam etanol </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(90%) p; mudah larut dalam asam mineral encer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan dalam larutan alkali hidroksida.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Antibakteri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik, terlindung dari </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cahaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -102.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persyaratan Kadar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0 % C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S dihitung terhadap zat yang telah dikeringkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kalium Iodida (Ditjen POM, 1979, 330)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kalii iodidum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama Lain</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Kalium iodida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: KI / 166,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pemerian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Hablur heksahedral, transparan atau tidak </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">berwarna, opak dan putih, atau serbuk butiran putih. Higroskopik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 155.95pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -119.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam air, lanih mudah larut dalam air mendidih, larut dalam etanol 95 % P, mudah larut dalam gliserol P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Khasiat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Anti jamur</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sebagai reduktor yang melepaskan I<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Amylum Manihot (Ditjen POM, 1979,l : 93)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Amylum Manihot</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinonim<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Pati singkong, pati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: (Cn Hn On)n</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -74.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerian <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Serbuk hablur, kadang-kadang berupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -74.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gumpalan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecil, putih tidak berbau, tidak </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berasa.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik, ditempat yang </span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sejuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan kering</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 14.2pt 157.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: sebagai pereaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 28.35pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Prosedur Kerja </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Pembuatan pasta kanji iodida ( Farmakope III Hal 690)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kalium iodida kanji, larutan pasta kanji iodida P larutkan 10 gram kalium iodida P dalam air secukupnya hingga 95 ml, dan tambahkan 5 ml larutan kanji P. Larutkan kalium iodida kanji P harus dibuat baru.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Prosedur kerja sulfadiazine (anonym 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Timbang saksama 200 mg zat uji sulfadiazine, larutkan dalam 75 ml air suling dan 10 ml HCl pekat. Dinginkan dan titrasi dengan larutan baku natrium nitrit 0,1N pada tempratur tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C menggunkan indicator<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tropeolin oo 0,1% dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metilen biru 0,1% sambil diaduk sampa terjadi perubahan warna dari ungu ke biru hijau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">METODE PERCOBAAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat Yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat yang digunakan pada saat praktikum dilakukan antara lain yaitu,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> , </i>Botol semprot<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baskom<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></i>erlenmeyer, gelas kimia <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>pipet tetes, termometer, gelas ukur, corong, buret, statif.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Bahan yang digunakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan pada saat praktikum dilakukan antara lain yaitu, Aquadest , Aluminium foil , HCl pekat, kertas indicator kanji, Sulfamerazin, es batu, natrium nitrit, tissue, kertas timbang.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cara Kerja</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembutan indicator pasta kanji</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Dilarutkan pasta kanji iodida P dengan 10 gram kalium iodida P dalam air secukupnya, hingga 95 ml, dan di tambahkan 5 ml larutan kanji P. Rendam kertas saring kedalam larutan indicator pasta kanji, jemur hingga kering.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Penentuan kadar Sulfamerazin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Ditimbang saksama 50,2 mg sulfamerazin, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 50 ml air suling dan 5 ml HCl pekat. Erlenmeyer diutup dengan aluminium foil, dinginkan dengan cara merendam Erlenmeyer berisi larutan kedalam es batu, sambil diukur suhu tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C dengan menggunakan termometer. Dititrasi dengan menggunakan kertas indikator pasta kanji, dengan cara mencelupkan batang pengaduk pada larutan yang dititrasi kemudian digoreskan kedalam kertas indicator kanji hingga terbentuk warna biru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persyaratan Kadar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dalam Farmakope III hal 584 :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sulfamerazin mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S dihitung terhadap zat yang telah dikeringkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 67.5pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Tabel Hasil Pengamatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penetapan kadar Sulfamerazin</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 53.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berat Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume Natrium nitrit</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 18.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 54.55pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulfamerazin</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.15pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50,2 mg</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,8</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perhitungan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>% Kadar I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>V . </u></span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">N</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Berat Setara</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat Sampel . Fk</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= <u>1</u></span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">8ml . 0,1 N.</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">26,43</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 100 %</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50,2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> . 0,1</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= </span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4,7574</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">x 100%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,02</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">94,76 </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><sub><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></sub><span style="height: 122px; left: 0px; margin-left: 97px; margin-top: 36px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 255px; z-index: 251682816;"><img alt="Text Box: NH2-- --SO2NH—
CH3
N" height="122" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="255" /></span><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">NaNO<sub>2 </sub>+HCl <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HNO<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><sub><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></sub><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 255px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251689956;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="30" width="141"><br />
</td> <td width="53"><br />
</td> <td width="58"><br />
</td> <td width="53"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="40"><br />
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="53" /></td> <td><br />
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="53" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></sub><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; tab-stops: 263.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 429px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251691008;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 32px; left: 0px; margin-left: 254px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251688932;"><img alt="Text Box: N" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="height: 10px; left: 0px; margin-left: 289px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 15px; z-index: 251686912;"><img height="10" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="15" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ HNO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 29px; margin-left: 278px; margin-top: 37px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251700196;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="29" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="26"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251700196;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal">N </div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="104"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="122" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="255" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></sub><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 289.5pt;"><span style="height: 22px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251696128;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 29px; margin-left: 279px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251699172;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="29" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid white; vertical-align: top;" width="29"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251699172;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal">N</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 11px; margin-left: 314px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 15px; z-index: 251695104;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="15" /></span><span style="height: 22px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 251697152;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="22" /></span><span style="height: 41px; margin-left: 166px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 251693056;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="53" /></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2H<sub>2</sub>O</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 289.5pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 289.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 236px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 49px; z-index: 251698176;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="49" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 J<sup>-</sup> + HNO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sup>+ </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>J<sub>2 </sub>+ 2NO + 2H<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sebelum melakukan percobaan penetuan kadar sulfamerazin terlebih dahulu membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indicator pasta kanji dengan cara yaitu Dilarutkan pasta kanji iodida P dengan 10 gram kalium iodida P dalam air secukupnya, hingga 95 ml, dan di tambahkan 5 ml larutan kanji P. Rendam kertas saring kedalam larutan indicator pasta kanji, jemur hingga kering.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada percobaan ini ditimbang saksama 50,2 mg sulfamerazin kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 50 ml air suling dan 5 ml HCl pekat. Erlenmeyer diutup dengan aluminium foil, dinginkan dengan cara merendam Erlenmeyer berisi larutan kedalam es batu, sambil diukur suhu tidak kurang dari 15 <sup>0</sup>C dengan menggunakan termometer. Dititrasi dengan menggunakan kertas indikator kanji, dengan cara mencelupkan batang pengaduk pada larutan yang dititrasi kemudian digoreskan kedalam kertas indicator kanji hingga terbentuk warna biru.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 40.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada umumnya reaksi diazotasi dilakukan pada senyawa yang memiliki gugus amin primer aromatis bebas. Tetapi tenyata kloramfenikol memiliki gugus nitrit, maka senyawa tersebut harus direduksi dulu menjadi senyawa amin aromatis bebas dengan gas hidrogen dari hasil reaksi serbuk Zn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan HCl pekat. Gugus nitrit mengalami reduksi karena gas hidrogen mendesak oksigen, sehingga gugus nitrit menjadi senyawa amin. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%Kadar sulfamerazin adalah 94,76% hal ini tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan kadar yang tertera didalam Farmakope III yaitu “Sulfamerazin mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S “.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB VI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari percobaan nitrimetri dapat disimpulkan bahwa %Kadar sulfamerazin adalah 94,76% hal ini tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan kadar yang tertera didalam Farmakope III yaitu “Sulfamerazin mengandung tidak kurang dari 99,0% C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S “.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 30.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kete</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nangan dalam melakkukan praktikum harus di jaga agar praktikum bisa berjalan dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dirjen POM, (1979), “Farmakope Indonesia”, edisi III, Departemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dirjen POM, (1994), “Farmakope Indonesia”, edisi IV, Depatemen Kesehatan RI., Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Harjadi, W., (1986), “Ilmu Kimia Analitik Dasar”, Gramedia, Jakarta </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rivai, H., (1995), “Asas Pemeriksaan Kimia”, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wunas, J., Said, S., (1986), “Analisa Kimia Farmasi Kuantitatif” UNHAS, Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-74443055251895286652011-10-15T11:03:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:03:00.462-07:00netralisasi<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reaksi netralisasi berawal dari teori tentang teori asam basa yang di kemukakan oleh Arhennius, bronted lowry dan Lewis.menurut arhenius asam adalah suatu senyawa yang jika dilarutkan dalam air akan melepaskan ion H+ dan basa adalah suatu senyawa yang jika dilarutkan dalam air akan melepaskan ion OH-. Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bronsted lowry asam adalah suatu zat yang memberikan proton sedangkan basa adalah akseptor proton. Dalam praktikum netralisasi kita akan menggunakan teori bronsted lowry karena teorinya lebih mendasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Titrasi asam basa adalah penetapan kadar suatu zat (asam atau basa) berdasarkan atas reaksi asam basa.bila titran digunakan lrutan asam baku maka penetapan tersebut dinamakan ASIDIMETRI, sedangkan apabila larutan bakunya basa sebagai titran maka penetapan itu disebut ALKALIMETRI. Reaksi netralisasi adalah suatun reaksi antara senyawa asam dan senyawa basa dengan menggunakan indikator tertentu untuk menjadikannya suatu senyawa netral. Pada percobaan netralisasi ini lakukan percobaan asidimetri,alkalimetri dan titrasi bebas air.<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun rumusan masalah dari praktikum yang dilakukan adalah, berapakah kadar dari suatu larutan?</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Maksud Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun maksud dari praktikum yang dilakukan adalah untuk melakukan titrasi asam-basa.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum yang dilakukan adalah untuk menentukan kadar dari suatu larutan.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun manfaat dari praktikum yang dilakukan adalah praktikan dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara mengukur volume dari larutan baku dengan melakukan titrasi, dan juga menentukan kada suatu larutan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teori Umum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut defines Arrhenius, asam ialah senyawa yang menghasilkan ion hidrogen H<sup>+</sup> dalam larutan sedang basa menghasilkan ion hidroksida OH<sup>-</sup>. Perumusan semacam itu memang memadai jika yang dilihat hanya reaksi-reaksi dalam air, akan tetapi pengertian serta ketimbalkaitan asam/basa telah lazim dipergunakan dalam praktek sehingga konsep asam dan basa pun makin diperluas dan lebih berlaku umum. Bronstad mengusulkan rumusan bahwa asam ialah senyawa-senyawa pemberi proton (donor proton) sedangkan basa ialah penerima proton (akseptor proton) (Peter, 1989)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Bronstad-Lowry, asam adalah zat yang dapat memberikan proton. Zedangkan basa adalah zat yang dapat menerima proton. Dalam teori Lewis, asam adalah setiap spesi yang mengandung atom yang dapat menerima pasangan elektron. Sedangkan basa adalah setiap spesi yang mengandung atom yang dapat menderma pasangan elektron (Hiskia, 2001).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian yang lebih umum lagi disampaikan oleh Lewis, yang mendifinisikan asam sebagai molekul atau ion yang sanggup melakukan koordinasi dengan pasangan elektron bebas, sedangkan basa ialah molekul atau ion yang memiliki pasangan elektron tersebut untuk dikoordinasikan (Peter, 1989).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam-basa merupakan suatu metode yang memungkinkan dilakukannya analisis kuantitatif untuk menentukan konsentrasi larutan asam atau basa yang tidak diketahui. Dalam titrasi asam-basa, basa akan bereaksi dengan asam lemah dan membentuk suatu larutan yang mengandung asam lemah dan basa konjugasinya sampai semua asam ternetralkan semuanya (Nahar Lutfun).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi asam dan basa yang sama kuatnya, akan menghasilkan suatu larutan netral. Asam dan basa yang bereksi dapat keduanya kuat maupun keduanya lemah. Reaksi asam dan basa dengan kekuatan yang berlainan akan menghasilkan larutan yang atau asam lemah atau basa lemah, bergantung pasa kekuatan asam konjugat dan basa konjugat yang dihasilkan. Jika asam yang dihasilkan itu lebih kuat daripada basa yang dihasilkan, maka diperoleh larutan asam lemah. Sebaliknya jika basa yang dihasilkan lebih kuat daripada asam yang dihasilkan, akan diperoleh larutan basa lemah. Terlepas dari kekuatan relative asam dan basa yang terliat, semua reaksi asam-basa semacam itu lazim dirujuk sebagai reaksi penetralan (Keenan, 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada umumnya, asam adalah zat-zat molecular yang apabila direaksikan dengan air akan menghasilkan ion hidronium. Sedangkan basa, secara prinsip terdiri dari dua macam: hidroksida ion dan zat molecular yang apabila bereaksi dengan air akan menghasilkan ion OH<sup>-</sup> (James, 2002).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Uraian Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquadest </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H – O – H</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O / 18,02</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna; tidak berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Air Suling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Klorida </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H – Cl</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: HCl / 36,46</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau merangsang. Jika diencerkan dengan 2 bagian air, asap dan bau hilang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Larut dalam air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: ACIDUM HYDROCHLORIDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam Klorida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Zat tambahan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Salisilat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>COOH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub> / 138,12</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Hablur ringan tidak berwarna atau serbuk berwarna putih; hampir tidak berbau; rasa agak manis dan tajam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Larut dalam 550 bagian air dan dalam 4 bagian etanol (95%) P; mudah larut dalam kloroform P dan dalam eter P; larut dalam larutan ammonium asetat P, dinatrium hidrogenfosfat P, kalium sitrat P, dan natrium sitrat P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: ACIDUM SALICYLICUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam Salisilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Keratolitikum, anti fungi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fenolftalein </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1995)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>4</sub> / 318,33</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk hablur, putih atau putih kekuningan lemah; tidak berbau; stabil di udara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Prakis tidak larut dalam air; larut dalam etanol; agak sukar larut dalam eter</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: PHENOLPHTHALEINUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Fenolftalein</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:Sebagai Indikator</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Merah Metil </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>N = N</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>COOH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Serbuka merah tua atau hablur lembayung</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Agak sukar larut dalam air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Xylensional FF</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam 4-dimetilaminobenzena 2-katoksilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup rapat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium Bikarbonat </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: NaHCO<sub>3</sub> / 84,01</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk hablur atau hablur monoklin kecil, buram; tidak berbau; rasa asin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Larut dalam 11 bagian air; praktis tidak larut dalam etanol (95%) P</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: NATRII SUBCARBONAS</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrium Bikarbonat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Antasidum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Natrium Hidroksida </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Na – OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: NaOH / 40,00</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bentuk batang, butiran, massa hablur atau eping, kering, keras, rapuh dan menunjukkan susunan hablur, putih, mudah meleleh basah. Sangat alkalis dan korosif. Segera menyerap karbondioksida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sangat mudah larut dalam etanol 95%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang lain dianggap perlu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: NATRII HYDROXYDUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Natrium Hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai pereaksi dan pemberi suasana basa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asidimetri: Penentuan Kadar Natrium Bicarbonat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 50.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Timbang saksama 1 g natrium bicarbonat, larutkan dalam 20 ml air, tambahkan indicator metal jingga. Titrasi dengan larutan asam klorida 0,5 N.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1ml klorida 0,5 N sama dengan 25,40 mg natrium bicarbonat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalimetri: penentuan Kadar Asam Salisilat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 50.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ditimbang saksama 400 mg zat uji, kemudian dilarutkan dalam Erlenmeyer dengan 10 ml etanol netral, tambahkan 3 tetes indicator PP dan titrasi dengan larutan NaOH 0,1 N sampai larutan berwarna merah muda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tiap ml NaOH 0,1 N setara dengan 13,81 mg asam salisilat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat yang Dipakai</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alat yang dipakai dalam praktikum titrasi netralisasi adalah gelas ukur 50 ml, corong kimia, gelas piala, statif, buret 50 ml, botol semprot, pipet tetes, Erlenmeyer, cawan porselin, dan batang pengaduk.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang Digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum titrasi netralisasi yaitu aquadest, aluminium foil, tissue, kertas timbang, HCl, indikator PP, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, asam salisilat, indikator merah metal, dan NaOH.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cara Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada asidimetri, disiapkan 2 buah Erlenmeyer. Masing-masing Erlenmeyer diisi dengan 0,5 gram Natrium Bikarbonat. Tiap Erlenmeyer ditambahkan 20 ml air. Lalu ditambahkan dengan indikator fenolftalein. Disiapkan buret dan diisi dengan 50 ml larutan baku asam klorida 0,5 N. Kedua larutan pada kedua Erlenmeyer dititrasi dengan larutan baku asam klorida 0,5 N hingga warna berubah menjadi bening. Diamati dan dicatat perubahan volume larutan baku.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel pengamatan</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asidimetri </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume (ml)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalimetri</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume (ml)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10,1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">13,8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">20,2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">20,45</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer II</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 141.45pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">20</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">23,2</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titrasi asam basa adalah penetapan kadar suatu zat (asam atau basa berdasarkan atas reaksi asam basa. Bila sebagai titran digunakan larutan baku asam, maka penetapan tersebut dinamakan ASIDIMETRI. Sedangkan apabila larutan bakunya sebagai titran adalah larutan baku basa, maka penetapan tersebut dinamakan ALKALIMETRI. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Netralisasi adalah reaksi suatu senyawa asam dengan senyawa basa dengan menggunakan beberapa indikator tertentu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui metode titrasi asam basa untuk menghasilkan suatu zat yang bersifat netral atau garam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada eksperimen tentang netralisasi kali ini kita menggunakan menggunakan indikator, yaitu indikator asam basa. Indikator asam basa adalah asam atau basa organik lemah yang mempunyai warna molekul (warna asam ) berbeda dengan warna ionnya ( warna basa). Indikator yang kita gunakan pada percobaan ini adalah indikator PP dan metil merah. Indikator PP digunakan pada percobaan titrasi asam basa asidimetri yaitu penentuan kadar natrium bicarbonat (NaHCO3), sedangkan indikator metil merah digunakan pada percobaan titrasi asam basa alkalimetri yaitu penentuan kadar asam salisilat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada percobaan titrasi asam basa asidimetri yaitu penentuan kadar Natrium Bikarbonat, terlebih dahulu ditimbang 0,5 gram natrium bicarbonat kemudian dimasukkan kedalam erlenmeyer yang berisi 10 ml air dan dikocok hingga larut sempurna. Setelah larut sempurna tambahkan indikator metil merah kurang lebih 3 tetes. Titrasi dengan larutan HCl 0,5 N hingga terjadi perubahan warna, catat volume HCl yang digunakan hingga terjadi perubahan warn. 1 ml HCl 0,5 N setara dengan 25,40 mg NaHCO3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -7.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 43.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada percobaan titrasi asam basa alkalimetri yaitu penentuan kadar asam salisilat, pertama ditimbang seksama 400 gram asam salisilat kemudian dimasukkan kedalam erlenmeyer dengan 10 ml etanol netral, kocok hingga larut sempurna. Setelah itu ditambahkan 3 tetes indikator PP kemudian titrasi dengan larutan Natrium Hidroksida 0,1 N sampai larutan berubah warna menjadi merah muda. Dicatat volume Natrium Hidroksida yang digunakan sampai pada terjadi perubahan warna menjadi merah muda. Tiap 1 ml Natrium Hidroksida 0,1 N setara dengan 13,81 mg asam salisilat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terjadinya suatu reaksi netralisasi dapat kita ketahui apabila telah terjadi perubahan warna pada suatu zat atau sampel yang kita titrasi setelah ditambahkan indikator tertentu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari praktikum yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahawa:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Titrasi asam-basa adalah penetapan kadar suatu zat (asam atau basa) berdasarkan atas reaksi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">asam basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asidimetri adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> penetapan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kadar suatu zat jika titrannya adalah larutan baku asam, sedangkan Alkalimetri adalah penetapan kadar suatu zat jika titrannya adalah larutan baku basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terjadinya reaksi netralisasi dapat diketahui apabila telah terjadi perubahan warna pada sampel yang dititrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Praktikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">harus lebih teliti dan cermat pada saat melakukan penimbangan zat, proses pelarutan zat dan hingga pada saat melakukan titrasi agar apa yang dilakukan hasilnya lebih baik dan lebih objektif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Achmad, H. 2001<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Larutan</i>.</b> PT Citra Aditya bakti: Bandung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim. 2011. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Analisis</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Universitas Muslim Indonesia: Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Brady, J. 2002. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Universitas</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Binarupa Aksara: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditjen POM. 1979. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Departemen Kesehatan RI: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditjen POM. 1995<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Farmakope Indonesia Edisi IV</i></b>. Departemen Kesehatan RI: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Keenan, C. 1990<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kimia Untuk Universitas</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Erlangga: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sykes, P. 1989. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Mekanisme Reaksi Kimia Organik</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> PT Gramedia: Jakarta</span></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-38804059194379980842011-10-15T11:02:00.001-07:002011-10-15T11:02:32.895-07:00mitosis dan miosis<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TUGAS BIOLOGI SEL DAN MOLEKUL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MITOSIS DAN MEIOSIS</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="227" /></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">DISUSUN OLEH :</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nama <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: BAJIL</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: L.5</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stambuk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 150 2010 063</span></div><div class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.25pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">FAKULTAS FARMASI</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MAKASSAR </span></div><div align="center" class="msonospacing0" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROSES PEMBELAHAN MITOSIS DAN MEIOSIS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel dibagi menjadi 2 kelas utama, yaitu eukariot dan prokariot. Perbedaan utama diantara keduanya terletak pada ada atau tidaknya membran inti yang membatasi inti sel dan sitoplasma. Organisme prokariot tidak memiliki membran inti dan eukariot memiliki membran inti. Semua sel hewan dan tumbuhan adalah eukariot dan bakteri, <i>cyanobacteria </i>dan <i>mycoplasma </i>adalah prokariot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organisme prokariot tidak mengalami pembelahan sel berupa mitosis atupun meiosis, ia hanya mengalami pembelahan sel berupa amitosis, salah satu contohnya adalah pembelahan biner. Organisme eukariot mengalami pembelahan sel secara mitosis pada sel somatisnya dan meiosis pada sel gametnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organisme eukariot membutuhkan kemampuan untuk dapat tumbuh, dan proses ini dapat terjadi melalui pembelahan sel dan pertumbuhan sel. Pertumbuhan terkadang merupakan hasil dari satu atau komponen lain saja, tetapi sering terjadi juga bahwa pertumbuhan sel dan perkembangan sel tergabung dalam satu proses yang dinamakan siklus sel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi utama dari siklus sel adalah menduplikat sejumlah DNA di dalam kromosom dengan tepat, kemudian membelah menjadi dua sel anak yang identik. Proses ini merupakan dua fase utama dari siklus sel. Proses duplikasi DNA terjadi pada fase S (S= sintesis), yang menghabiskan 10-12 jam dan merupakan separuh waktu siklus sel pada tipe sel mamalia. Setelah fase S, terjadi pemisahan kromosom dan pembelahan sel pada fase M (M=Mitotik), yang membutuhkan waktu lebih sedikit ( kurang dari satu jam pada sel mamalia). Mitosis terjadi pada fase M yang dimulai dengan kromosom yang mengalami berkondensasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebanyakan sel membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk tumbuh dan menggandakan massa protein dan organel-organelnya daripada untuk mereplikasi DNA dan mengalami pembelahan. fase G adalah fase yang didalamnya terjadi proses-proses diatas. Fase G dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu fase G1 yang terjadi diantara fase M dan fase S dan fase G2 yang terjadi diantara fase S dan mitosis. Jadi, eukariotik mengalami siklus sel yang dibagi menjadi empat fase, yaitu G1, S, G2 dan M Gabungan dari fase G1, S dan G2 merupakan interfase. Pada sel manusia interfase terjadi sekitar 23 jam dari siklus sel (24 jam), dan satu jamnya adalah mitosis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua fase G memberikan waktu untuk sel memonitoring lingkungan luar dan dalam, untuk memastikan bahwa kondisi lingkungannya tersebut sesuai dan persiapan telah selesai sebelum sel tersebut memutuskan untuk memasuki fase S dan melakukan mitosis. Fase G1 sangat berperan dalam hal tersebut. Jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan dalam fase ini bisa sangat lama tergantung dari kondisi luar dan sinyal ekstra selular dari sel lain. Jika kondisi luar sel buruk, maka sel dapat menunda kelangsungan fase G1 dan masuk kedalam fase istirahat yang disebut sebagai fase G0. Fase G0 dapat menghabiskan waktu berhari-hari, berminggu-minggu, bahkan bertahun-tahun sebelum melanjutkan proliferasi. Pada kenyataanya sel menghabiskan waktu terlama di fase G0 sampai sel atau organisme tersebut mati. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase mitotik merupakan tempat terjadinya mitosis. Kondensasi kromosom dan pembatasan kromosom replikan terjadi dalam mitosis. Mitosis terbagi menjadi empat fase, yaitu profase, metafase, anafase dan telofase.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada profase yang terjadi di mitosis, membran nukleus menghilang, kromosom terlihat dan setiap sentriol di sentrosom bergerak menuju kutub berlawanan dan menjadi aster. Setiap aster terdiri dari sentriol dan mikrotubulus. Pada profase akhir beberapa mikrotubulus membentuk benang-benang spindel. Sepanjang profase, kromosom mengalami penebalan dan pemendekan, kromosom mengalami penggandaan yang terdiri dari kromatid dan sister kromatid. Penggandaan tersebut merupakan hasil replikasi DNA pada interfase.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah mengalami penebalan, kromosom akan tersusun di bidang ekuator dan terikat pada mikrotubulus yang terletak di kedua kutub, saat ini disebut dengan metafase. Salah satu kromatid dari setiap kromosom terpisah dari pasangannya dan bergerak menuju kutub yang berlawanan, hal ini terjadi pada anafase. Selanjutnya sel akan mengalami telofase yang ditandai oleh adanya kromosom yang telah berada di kutubnya masing-masing, kemudian kromosom tersebut mulai terurai menjadi kromatin. Kariokinesis atau pembelahan inti akan terjadi setelah plasma membran mulai terbentuk. Setelah mengalami kariokinesis, sel tersebut akan mengalami sitokinesis yang ditandai dengan pembentukan <i>cleavage furrow</i> pada hewan dan <i>cell plate </i>pada tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MITOSIS </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MITOSIS<b> </b></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah cara reproduksi sel dimana sel membelah melalui tahap-tahap yang teratur, yaitu Profase Metafase-Anafase-Telofase. Antara tahap telofase ke tahap profase berikutnya terdapat masa istirahat sel yang dinarnakan Interfase (tahap ini tidak termasuk tahap pembelahan sel). Pada tahap interfase inti sel melakukan sintesis bahan-bahan inti.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari pembelahan mitosis adalah regenerasi dan perbaikan sel-sel tubuh yang rusak, karena mitosis menghasilkan sel anak yang identik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara garis besar ciri dari setiap tahap pembelahan pada mitosis adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <b>Profase : </b><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />pada tahap ini yang terpenting adalah benang-benang kromatin<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />menebal menjadi kromosom dan kromosom mulai berduplikasi menjadi<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />kromatid.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <b>Metafase: </b><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />pada tahap ini kromosom/kromatid berjejer teratur dibidang<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />pembelahan (bidang equator) sehingga pada tahap inilah kromosom<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />/kromatid mudah diamati dan dipelajari.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <b>Anafase: </b><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />pada fase ini kromatid akan tertarik oleh benang gelendong menuju<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ke kutub-kutub pembelahan sel.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. <b>Telofase: </b><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />pada tahap ini terjadi peristiwa <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KARIOKINESIS<b> </b></span>(pembagian inti<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />menjadi dua bagian) dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SITOKINESIS<b> </b></span>(pembagian sitoplasma<br />
<img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="18" />menjadi dua bagian).</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GAMBAR MITOSIS</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="484" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="561" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MEIOSIS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis<b> </b>(Pembelahan Reduksi)<b> </b></span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah reproduksi sel melalui tahap-tahap pembelahan seperti pada mitosis, tetapi dalam prosesnya terjadi pengurangan (reduksi) jumlah kromosom.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis adalah tipe khusus dari pembelahan nukleus yang melakukan pemisahan tiap kromosom homolog menjadi gamet yang baru. Jika mitosis menghasilkan sel anak yang identik dengan induk, maka meiosis menghasilkan sel anak dengan reduksi jumlah kromosom. Selain itu, meiosis menghasilkan sel anak yang berbeda dengan induknya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi dua jenis pembelahan pada meiosis, yaitu pembelahan reduksi (meiosis 1) dan pembelahan sel (meiosis 2). meiosis 2 melakukan pembelahan sel layaknya mitosis, karena itulah perbedaan antara mitosis dan meiosis lebih terlihat pada meiosis 1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Meiosis hanya terjadi pada fase reproduksi seksual atau pada jaringan nuftah. Pada meiosis, terjadi perpasangan dari kromosom homolog serta terjadi pengurangan jumlah kromosom induk terhadap sel anak. Disamping itu, pada meiosis terjadi dua kali periode pembelahan sel, yaitu pembelahan I</span><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(meiosis I) dan pembelahan II (meiosis II). </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://bima.ipb.ac.id/%7Etpb-ipb/materi/bio100/Gambar/mitosis_meiosis/miosis1_tumb.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Meiosis I</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://bima.ipb.ac.id/%7Etpb-ipb/materi/bio100/Gambar/mitosis_meiosis/miosis2_tumb.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">meiosis II</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> terjadi pada sel tumbuhan. Demikian juga pada sel hewan terjadi</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://bima.ipb.ac.id/%7Etpb-ipb/materi/bio100/Gambar/mitosis_meiosis/meiosis1_hw.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> meiosis I</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://bima.ipb.ac.id/%7Etpb-ipb/materi/bio100/Gambar/mitosis_meiosis/meiosis2_hw.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">meiosis II.</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Baik pada pembelahan meiosis I dan II, terjadi fase-fase pembelahan seperti pada mitosis. Oleh karena itu dikenal adanya profase I, metafase I, anafase I , telofase I, profase II, metafase II, anafase II, dan telofase II. Akibat adanya dua kali proses pembelahan sel, maka pada meiosis, satu sel induk akan menghasilkan empat sel baru, dengan masing-masing sel mengandung jumlah kromosom setengah dari jumlah kromosom sel induk.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis terbagi menjadi due tahap besar yaitu <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meiosis I<b> </b></span>dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Meiosis II<b> </b></span>Baik meiosis I maupun meiosis II terbagi lagi menjadi tahap-tahap seperti pada mitosis. Secara lengkap pembagian tahap pada pembelahan reduksi adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis I:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Profase 1</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Profase 1 memiliki kejadian unik, yaitu sinapsis. Sinapsis adalah suatu proses penghubungan kromosom yang telah tereplikasi. Hasil dari sinapsis tersebut adalah kromosom tetrad yang terdiri dari dua kromatid dari setiap kromosom. <i>Crossing Over </i>sering terjadi pada saat sinapsis. Selama <i>Crossing over</i>, kromatid akan patah dan menempel pada kromosom homolog yang berbeda. Adanya <i>Crossing Over </i>ditandai dengan struktur khusus berupa <i>chiasma. </i>Pada akhir profase I, kromosom homolog akan mulai terpisah, tetapi ia tetap menempel pada <i>chiasmata. </i>Kejadian-kejadian lain pada profase I(selain sinapsis dan crossing over) sama dengan profase pada mitosis, seperti kromatin yang terkondensasi menjadi kromosom, membran inti yang hilang dan terbentuknya <i>spindle</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metafase 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metafase I terjadi ketika tetrad berjajar di bidang ekuatorial dan benang-benang spindel menempel pada sentromer dari setiap pasangan kromosom yang homolog.<i> </i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anafase 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anafase I terjadi ketika tetrad terpisah dan bergerak menuju kutub yang berlawanan dengan bantuan benang-benang spindel. Sentromer pada anafase 1 masih tetap utuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telofase 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telofase 1 memiliki kesamaan dengan telofase mitosis, tetapi hanya satu set kromosom yang berada didalam sel anak. Membran inti baru mempunyai kemungkinan terbentuk atau tidak, hal tersebut tergantung pada jenis spesies. Beberapa sel hewan mempuyai kemungkinan untuk mengalami pemisahan sentriol pada tahap ini</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis II memiliki kesamaan dengan tahapan pada mitosis. Perbedaan secara menyeluruh antara mitosis dan meiosis dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis berperan dalam proses gametogenesis pada sel hewan. Gametogenesis adalah proses pembentukan gamet (n) oleh <i>germ line </i>(2n). Spermatogenesis adalah proses pembentukan sperma yang terjadi di organ tertentu (testes). Sel anak hasil pembelahan meiosis akan berkembang menjadi gamet, kemudian sel yang dihasilkan akan terdiferensiasi menjadi sperma (gambar 6). pembentukan sperma dimulai saat manusia memasuki tahap pubertas. Laki-laki dewasa normal dapat memproduksi 200.000.000 sperma per harinya. Setelah sperma terbentuk, maka ia akan bergerak ke epididimis dan mengalami pematangan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">GAMBAR MEIOSIS</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="361" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="496" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PERBEDAAN ANTARA MITOSIS DENGAN MEIOSIS</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.0%;" width="35%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek yang dibedakan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mitosis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meiosis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.0%;" width="35%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk pertumbuhan</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat mempertahan-kan diploid</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.0%;" width="35%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil pembelahan</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2 sel anak</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4 sel anak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.0%;" width="35%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat sel anak</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diploid (2n)</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">haploid (n)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 35.0%;" width="35%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempat terjadinya</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;" width="34%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sel somatis</span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 31.0%;" width="31%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sel gonad</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada hewan dikenal adanya peristiwa meiosis dalam pembentukan gamet, yaitu <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oogenesis dan Speatogenesis.<b> </b></span>Sedangkan pada tumbahan dikenal <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Makrosporogenesis (Megasporogenesis)<b> </b></span>dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mikrosporogenesis.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oogenesis adalah proses pembentukan ovum yang terjadi di organ tertentu, yaitu ovarium. sel tumbuhan melakukan oogenesis secara mitosis pada gametofit. Jika spermatogenesis menghasilkan empat sel anak, maka oogenesis hanya menghasilkan satu sel anak (sel telur). Hal tersebut terjadi karena tiga badan polar yang dihasilkan tidak mengalami perkembangan (gambar 7). Ketika baru lahir, setiap wanita membawa simpanan oosit yang akan berkembang menjadi oosit sekunder dan akan dikeluarkan sebagai sel telur setiap bulannya sejak pubertas sampai <i>menopause.</i> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/cellcycle.shtml"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/cellcycle.shtml</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN"><a href="https://dbscience3.wikispaces.com/file/view/mitosis.jpg/63281416/mitosis.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://dbscience3.wikispaces.com/file/view/mitosis.jpg/63281416/mitosis.jpg</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjueHDYUgyCKUe16YwBg7dn6DHP5i0gfZRQzHPenksv9bBPUvkA2lJ749R88F8XGXKEDeAOGNb3qxdwTjJx0EQoV6e4dBFxD-BoNYsQv2kBeBcQhHCUtlNOo4WFFwH0eo1s5_hXNJZZgfdV/s1600/meiosis2cropped.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjueHDYUgyCKUe16YwBg7dn6DHP5i0gfZRQzHPenksv9bBPUvkA2lJ749R88F8XGXKEDeAOGNb3qxdwTjJx0EQoV6e4dBFxD-BoNYsQv2kBeBcQhHCUtlNOo4WFFwH0eo1s5_hXNJZZgfdV/s1600/meiosis2cropped.jpg</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://wildascience.wordpress.com/2009/01/10/mitosis-dan-meiosis/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wildascience.wordpress.com/2009/01/10/mitosis-dan-meiosis/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-15091974689531486852011-10-15T11:01:00.002-07:002011-10-15T11:01:47.085-07:00laporan protein<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A.Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein memegang peranan penting dalam mahluk hidup, yaitu dalam struktur, fungsi dan reproduksi dan merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang sangat penting. Unsur-unsur utama yang membangun molekul protein adalah karbon, nitrogen, dan oksigen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Protein merupakan polimer alam yang tersusun dari berbagai asam amino melalui ikatan polipeptide. Dalam molekul protein kurang lebih dua puluh macam asam-asam alfa amino berikatan demean ikatan peptide Dan membentuk molekul yang sangat besar. Suhu keasaman / pH dan garam-garam organik atau anorganik dapat mempengaruhi sifat-sifat protein, misalnya ; struktur dan kelarutannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Protein berasal dari kata Arika Protos yang berarti pertama, yang menunjukkan bahwa zat itu menjadi dasar penghidupan. Protein merupakanj suatu zat makanan yang berfungsi sebagai bahan bakar. Dalam tubuh juga berfungsi sebagai zat pembangun dan pengatur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Protein adalah sumber-sumber asam amino yang mengandung unsur-unsur C, H, O, dan N yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak atau karbohidrat. Molekul protein merupakan bahan pembentuk jaringan-jaringan baru yang selalu terjadi dalam tubuh. Pada masa pertumbuhan proses pembentukan jaringan terjadi secara besar-besaran, pada masa kehamilan, proteinlah yang membentuk jaringan janin dan pertumbuhan embrio. Protein juga mengganti jaringan tubuh yang dirusak dan dirombak. Fungsi utama protein bagi tubuh adalah untuk membentuk jaringan baru dan mempertahankan jaringan yang telah ada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Protein dapat juga dikatakan sebagai bahan bakar apabila keperluan energi dalam tubuh tidak terpenuhi oleh karbohidrat dan lemak. Protein ikut pula mengatur berbagai proses tuibuh, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan membentuk zat pengatur proses dalam tubuh. Protein mengatur keseimbangan cairan dalam jaringan dan pembuluh darah yaitu dengan menimbulkan tekanan osmotik koloid yang dapat menarik cairan dan jaringan ke dalam pembuluh darah. Jadi, protein mempunyai peranan penting di dalam tubuh manusia dan hewan, sebab zat ini befungsi untuk menggerakkan otot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">B.Rumusan Masalah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun rumusan masalah dari laporan ini adalah bagaimana pencampuran putih telur (albumin) dengan menggunakan pereaksi kimia dan juga bagaimana sifat protein dari kelarutan koagulasi , dan reaksi dengan ion-ion logam . </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">C.Maksud Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun maksud percobaan ini adalah untuk mengenal beberapa sifat protein berdasarkan reaksi-reaksi kimia . </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">D.Tujuan Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami sifat protein dan sifat asam amino berdasarkan reaksi kimia dalam ikatan peptida . </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">E.Manfaat Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun manfaat dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat protein jika dilarutkan dalam beberapa pereaksi kimia , dan juga mengetahui sifat dari protein dari kelarutan koagulasi , dan reaksi dengan ion-ion logam</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A.Teori Umum</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein, karenanya bukan hanya merupakan makromolekuler yang paling berlimpah, tapi amat bervariasi juga fungsinya. Sangat luar biaa pula bahwa semua protein di dalam semua mahluk, tanpa memandang funsi dan aktivitas biologinya dibangun oleh susunan dasar, yaitu 20 asam amino baku, yang molekulnya sendiri tidak mempunyai aktifitas biologi. Lalu apakah yang memberikan suatu protein aktivitas biologinya, protein lain aktivitas hormon, dan yang lain lagi aktivitas antibodi ? bagaimana kimiawi-kimiawi protein-protein ini berbeda ? secara cukup sederhana, protein berbeda satu sama lain karena masing-masing mempunyai deret unit asam amino sendiri-sendiri. Asam amino merupakan abjad strktur protein, karena molekul-molekul ini dapat disusun dalam jumlah deret yang hampir tidak terbatas, untuk membuat protein dalam jumlah yang hampir tak terbatas pula. (Meggy Rhenawijaya, 1982). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam amino dapat memberikan reaksi esterifikasi dan asilasi . Juga reaksi ninhidrin yang akan menghasilkan Ruhermann’s purple , suatu zat yang berwarna biru-ungu . Sistein dapat dioksidasi menjadi disulfida asam amino yang disebut sistin . (Fessenden , 1997) .</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat-sifat protein yaitu : (DepKes RI , 2002) . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.Protein bersifat amfolit , karena protein itu mempunyai gugus NH2 yang mempunyai sifat basa lemah dan gugus karboksilat yang mempunyai sifat asam lemah . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.Protein bersifat koloid hidrofil . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c.Protein apabila dipanaskan akan menggumpal . Sedangkan dengan basa atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam , protein akan mempunyai sifat-sifat lain dengan sifat semula . Peristiwa ini disebut Denaturasi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d.Protein bila dihidrolisis akan terurai : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 390px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 33px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="33" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 280px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 37px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="37" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 153px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 34px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="34" /></span><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 35px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="35" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">protein <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>pepton <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>polipeptida <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dipeptida <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>asam amino</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembagian protein yaitu : (DepKes RI , 2002) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil-hasil hidrolisisnya protein dibagi 2 golongan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.Protein tunggal ialah protein yang bila dihidrolisis dengan menghasilkan asam-asam amino saja . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.Protein majemuk ialah protein yang bila dihidrolisis selsin menghasilkan asam-asam amino juga menghasilkan senyawa lain yang disebut protetis </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reaksi-reaksi untuk menunjukkan adanya protein adalah : (Pudjaatmaka , 1993) . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.Reaksi Bluret </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika protein dicampur dengan larutan NaOH pekat dan satu atau dua tetes larutan CuSO4 encer , maka akan memberikan warna merah atau violet . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.Jika larutan protein ditambah sedikit pereaksi Millon kemudian dipanaskan hingaa mendidih maka akan terjadi endapan merah . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c.Larutan protein ditambah pereaksi alkohol akan mengendap .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Protein dapat dibedakan berdasarkan komposisi kimia , bentuk atau fungsi biologinya (Anshory , 2003) . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.Penggolongan protein berdasarkan komposisi kimia . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.Protein sederhana </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.Protein Konjugasi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b.Penggolongan protein berdasarkan bentuk . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.Protein globular </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.Protein serabut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c.Penggolongan protein berdasarkan fungsi biologi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.enzim</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.protein transport</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.protein nutrient dan penyimpanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.protein kontraktil </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5.protein struktur </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6.protein pertahanan (antibody)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7.protein pengatur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: -170.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari 20 macam asam amino ada 10 macam yang disebut asam amino essensial yaitu asam amino yang tidak dapat dibuat oleh tubuh manusia , sehingga harus didatangkan dari luar tubuh bersama-sama makanan . Asam amino yang tergolong asam amino essensial yaitu valin leusin , isoleusin , treonin , lisin , metionin , tritosa , fenilalanin , histidim dan arginin . (Anshory , 2003).</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">B.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Uraian Bahan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Air suling</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ( Ditjen POM, 1979,hal;96)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Aqua Destillata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Air suling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O/18,02</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt 2.5in; text-indent: -186.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, tidak berasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai pelarut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asam klorida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Ditjen POM 1979,hal; 649)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Acidum Hydrochloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Asam klorida</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: HCl/36,46</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt 2.5in; text-indent: -186.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan tidak berwarna, berasap, bau merangsang, jika diencerkan dengan dua bagian air, asam dan bau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: dalam wadah tretutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pereaksi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt 2.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asam nitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal; </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">650)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Acidum Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Asam nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: HNO<sub>3</sub>/63,01</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan jernih berasap, hampir tidak berwarna sampai warna kuning.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 30.0pt .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in 186.0pt; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pereaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Perak nitrat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal; 97)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Argenti Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Perak nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: AgNO<sub>3</sub>/169,87</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hablur berwarna putih (transparan), tidak berbau, menjadi gelap bila kena sinar. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sangat mudah larut dalam air.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ferri (III) klorida</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; 659 )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Ferrisi Chloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Besi</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (III) klorida</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: FeCl<sub>3 </sub>/ 152,9</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hablur atau serbuk hablur hitam kehijauan, bebas warna jingga dari garam hidrat yang telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terpengaruh oleh kelembaban.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: larut dalam air. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium klorida</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; 403 )</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Chloridum</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrium klorida<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: NaCl / 58,44</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hablur heksahedral, tidak berwarna (serbuk hablur putih), tidak berbau, rasa asin.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: larut dalam 2,8 bagian air.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium karbonat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; 400 )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Carbonas</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrium karbonat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O / 124</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: hablur tidak berwarna (warna putih).</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mudah larut dalam air, lebih mudah lagi larut dalam air mendidih.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Natrium hidroksida </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">( Ditjen POM,1979; 412)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Natrii Hidroksidum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Natrium hidroksida</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: NaOH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: 40,00</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -168.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>putih atau praktis putih, massa melebur, berbentuk pellet, serpihan atau batang atau bentuk lain, keras, rapuh, dan menunjukkan pecahan hablur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 184.3pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-indent: -166.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: mudah larut dalam air dan dalam etanol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup rapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 28.35pt 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tembaga (II) sulfat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> ( </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; 731 )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Cupru Sulfas</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Tembaga (II) sulfat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: CuSO<sub>4</sub>/159,61</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: prisma triklinik(serbuk hablur biru)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 186.0pt; tab-stops: 2.5in; text-indent: -156.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Timbal (II) nitrat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ditjen POM,1979,hal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; 733)</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Plumbu Nitras</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nama lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Timbal (II) nitrat</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RM/BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>/ 270,21</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: hablur tidak berwarna (putih) atau serbuk </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt; tab-stops: 186.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hablur putih.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: dalam wadah tertutup.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 30.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sebagai pereaksi</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></sub></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur Kerja<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (Anonim , 2011)</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.Kelarutan Protein </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Isi 4 buah tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur . Kedalam tabung rekasi pertama tambahkan 3 ml air . Kedalam tabung reaksi kedua tambahkan 3 ml larutan NaOH 2 M . Kedalam tabung reaksi ketiga tambahkan 3 ml larutan Na2CO3 0,1 M . Kedalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tabung reaksi ke empat tambahkan 3 ml larutan HCL 0,1 M . Amati perubahan yang terjadi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.Koagulasi Protein </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isi sebuah tabung reaksi dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur . Tambahkan 2 ml larutan HNO3 2 M . Amati perubahan yang terjadi . Panaskan tabung reaksi perlahan-lahan . Dinginkan dan tambahkan 5 ml larutan NaOH 2 M . Amati perubahan yang terjadi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.Reaksi Dengan Ion-ion logam </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Isi tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur (1:1) . Kedalam tabung reaksi pertama tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan AgNO3 0,1 M dan amati perubahan yang terjadi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalam tabung reaksi kedua tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan CuSO4 0,1 M . Amati perubahan yang terjadi . Kedalam tabung reaksi ketiga tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan NaCL 0,1 M . Amati perubahannya . Kedalam tabung reaksi keempat tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan FeCl3 0,1 M . Amati yang terjadi . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kedalam tabung reaksi kedalam tambahkan beberapa tetes larutan Pb(NO3)2 0,1 M . Amati perubahan yang terjadi .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A.Alat yang Dipakai</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Alat yang digunakan pada percobaan ini antara lain bunsen, cawan porselin, gegep kayu, gelas ukur, lap kasar, lap halus, pipet tetes, pipet skla, pinset, dan rak tabung.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 7.1pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahan yang digunakan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun bahan yang digunakan yaitu, aquadest, larutan putih telur ayam,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lautan telur itik, larutan susu bear brand dan larutan telur puyu, larutan Natrium Hidroksida (NaOH), larutan Natrium Karbonat (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), larutan Asam Klorida (HCl), larutan Asam Nitrat (HNO<sub>3</sub>), larutan Perak Nitrat (AgNO<sub>3</sub>), larutan Natrium Klorida (NaCl), larutan Ferri Klorida (FeCl<sub>3</sub>), larutan Plumbo Nitrat (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), larutan Kupri Sulfat (CuSO<sub>4</sub>) dan tissue</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 30.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C. Cara Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 12.0pt 30.0pt 48.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelarutan Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, diisi 4 tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (1) ditambahkan 3 ml air. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (2) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan NaOH 2 M. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (3) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (4) ditambahkan 3 ml larutan HCl 0,1 M. Kemudian diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Dilakukan hal yang sama untuk sampel telur ayam, telur itik dan susu bear brand.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Koagulasi Protein</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, kemudian diisi sebuah tabung reaksi dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur. Kemudian ditambahkan 2 ml larutan HNO<sub>3</sub>. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Selanjutnya dipanaskan tabung reaksi secara perlahan-lahan. Di diinginkan dan ditambahkan 5 ml larutan NaOH kemudian diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Dilakukan hal yang sama untuk sampel telur ayam, telur itik dan susu bear brand.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3. Reaksi dengan Ion-ion Logam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Disiapkan alat dan bahan, kemudian diisi tabung reaksi masing-masing dengan 3 ml larutan putih telur puyu. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (1) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (2) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan CuSO<sub>4</sub>. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (3) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan NaCl. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (4) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan FeCl<sub>3</sub> 0,1 M. diamati perubahan yang terjadi. Ke dalam tabung reaksi (5) ditambahkan beberapa tetes larutan (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). diamati perubahan yang terjadi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dilakukan hal yang sama untuk sampel telur ayam, telur itik dan susu bear brand.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> hasil </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengamatan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a.Kelarutan Protein</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelompok : Telur Bebek </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Putih telur dengan pelarut</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Air</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut dalam air</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan NaOH</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak larut dan membentuk dua fase</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak larut dan membentuk dua fase</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.25pt;" valign="top" width="232"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larutan HCl</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.3pt;" valign="top" width="259"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut dalam HCl</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Koagulasi Protein</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid #C0504D; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Putih telur dengan pelarut</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengamatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">AgNO<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadi denaturasi yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya gumpalan-gumpalan warna putih</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">CuSO<sub>4</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadi denaturasi yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya gumpalan-gumpalan warna hijau</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NaCl</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Larut dan tidak terjadi denaturasi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FeCl<sub>3</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadi denaturasi yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya gumpalan-gumpalan warna hijau</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 174.4pt;" valign="top" width="233"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 199.55pt;" valign="top" width="266"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjadi denaturasi yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya gumpalan-gumpalan warna putih</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan Protein</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan dalam air</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="height: 92px; left: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 462px; z-index: 251665385;"><img height="92" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="462" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 101px; left: 0px; margin-left: 86px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 465px; z-index: 251666409;"><img height="101" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="465" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan dalam NaOH</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 154px; left: 0px; margin-left: 26px; margin-top: 29px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 568px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="154" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="568" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan dalam Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 81px; left: -1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 20px; width: 583px; z-index: 251671552;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="0" width="0"><br />
</td> <td width="282"><br />
</td> <td width="17"><br />
</td> <td width="81"><br />
</td> <td width="5"><br />
</td> <td width="30"><br />
</td> <td width="10"><br />
</td> <td width="158"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="32"><br />
</td> <td height="32" style="vertical-align: top;" width="282"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251671552;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H<sub>2</sub>N</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na<sub>2</sub></span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CO</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN"></span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> <td><br />
</td> <td colspan="5" height="41" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" width="284"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251672576;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2H</span><sub><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-ONa</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+ H</span><sub><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> + CO<sub>2</sub></span><span lang="IN"></span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="9"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="13"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="4"><br />
</td> <td colspan="5"><br />
</td> <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="10" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="2"><br />
</td> <td colspan="3"><br />
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="5" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="1"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 146px; left: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 571px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="146" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="571" /></span><span style="height: 13px; left: 0px; margin-left: 253px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 11px; z-index: 251677696;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="13" style="vertical-align: top;" width="11"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251677696;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kelarutan dalam HCl</span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="height: 48px; left: -9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 10px; width: 200px; z-index: 251678720;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="38" style="vertical-align: top;" width="200"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251678720;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #1f1a17; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">H</span><sub><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></sub><span style="color: #1f1a17; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1f1a17; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C</span><span style="color: #1f1a17; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">l</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Koagulasi Protein</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 91px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 489px; z-index: 251667433;"><img height="91" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="489" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi albumin + HNO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi dengan ion-ion logam</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi dengan AgNO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="height: 95px; left: 0px; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 494px; z-index: 251682793;"><img height="95" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="494" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 117.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi dengan NaCl</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img height="93" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="504" /></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi dengan FeCL<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 312px; left: 0px; margin-left: 58px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 505px; z-index: 251669481;"><img height="312" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="505" /></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reaksi dengan Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img height="187" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="498" /></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">B.Pembahasan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein adalah polimer alam yang tersusun dari berbagai asam amino melalui ikatan peptide demean berat molekul yang besar mengandung unsur-unsur C, H, O, dan N juga ada yang mengandung unsure S, P,dan Fe.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam percobaan mengetahui kelarutan protein dengan pelarut air, larutan NaOH, larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> dan HCl dengan larutan putih telur diperoleh hasil, larutan putih telur larut setelah ditambahkan air, serta larut dalam NaOH dan NaCl yang disertai dengan timbulnya busa. Sedangkan larutan putih telur ditambahkan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> terbentuk gumpalan putih dan tidak larut dala air serta melepaskan gas CO<sub>2</sub>. larutan putih telur dalam air, asam dan basa disebabkankarena adanya gugus karboksil (C=O) dan gugus amin yang memiliki sifat kepolaran yang dapat membentuk ikatan hydrogen antara. Protein dalam air, gugus amin menangkap H<sup>+ </sup>yang dilepaskan oleh karbonil sehingga protein dapat larut dalam air. Protein dalam HCl, pada suasana asam gugus amin menangkap H<sup>+ </sup>karena berada dalam bentuk ion ssehinghga protein juga dapat larut dalam HCl. Protein dalam NaOH, pada susana basa COOH melepaskan satu H<sup>+</sup> sehingga menghasilkan COO<sup>-</sup> yang bereaksi dengan protein mengakibatkanproteinh dapaty larut dalam pelarut basab (NaOH).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari percobaan mengetahui sifat koagulasi protein demean pereaksi asam nitrat dan NaOH mrnggunakan sampel larutan putih telur diperoleh hasil. Mula-mulaputih telur ditambahkan dengan asam nitrat dan NaOH terbentuk gumpalan putih, hal ini disebabkan terputusnya jembatan disulfida atau terganggunya gaya tarik lemah yang disebabkan dalam suasana asam (penambahan asam nitrat) molekul protein akan membentuk ion positif, sedangkan dalam suasana basa (penambahan NaOH) protein akan membentuk ion negatif. Pada titik isolistrik protein mempunyai muatan positif dan negatif yang sama, sehingga tidak bergerak ke arah elektroda positif maupun negatif sehingga terjadi penggumpalan protein yang didahului oleh proses denaturasi yaitu terjadinya kerusakan struktur protein. Kemudian setelah itu larutan sampel tadi dipanaskan beberapa menit, hasilnya terbentuk gumpalan yang sangat kental dimana pada bagina bawah tabung reaksi terbentuk gumpalan berwarna kuning. Hal ini disebabkan terjadinya denaturasi yang disebabkan oleh pemanasan (suhu tinggi 50<sup> O</sup>C atau lebih) yang membuat struktur protein rusak yang ditandai dengan tiambulnya gumpalan pada tabung reaksi. Selain faktor pemanasan dan pH, denaturasi juga dapat terjadi oleh adanya ion logam berat, gerakan mekanik, alkohol, aseton, eter dan detergen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan mengetahui sifat protein melalui reaksi Biuret diperoleh hasil, mula-mula putih telur ditambahkan CuSO<sub>4</sub> terbentuk gumpalan biru, hal ini disebabkan terjadinya denaturasi akibat adanya ion logam berat Cu<sup>2+</sup> apada pH di atas isolistrik yang menyebabkan komformasi struktur protein berubah yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya gumpalan berwarna biru muda tetapi setelah ditambahkan NaOH, gumpalan hilang dan warna larutan menjadi ungu, hal ini disebabkan protein yang terdenaturasi pada titik isolistriknya masih dapat larut pada pH diluar titik isolistrik tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan mengetahui reaksi-reaksi protein dengan ion-ion logam dengan menggunakan pereaksi AgNO<sub>3</sub>, CuSO<sub>4</sub>, NaCl, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> menggunkan larutanh putih telur ( 1 : 1 ) sebagai sampel diperoleh hasil. Mula-mula AgNO<sub>3</sub> ditambahkan pada larutan putih telur terbentuk gumpalan putih, larutan putih telur ditambahkan dengan CuSO<sub>4</sub> terbentuk gumpalan biru muda. Sedangkan larutan putih telur ditambahkan NaCl, ia larut, direaksikan dengan FeCl<sub>3</sub> terbentuk gumpalan jingga, dengan Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> terbentuk gumpalan putih disertai dengan terbentuknya endapan putih dan berbuih. Hal ini disebabkan pengendapan oleh ion positif pada masing-masing sampel di atas, dimana pengendapan protein ion-ion logam ini dilakukan pada pH larutan di atas isolistrik (dalam suasana asam).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 73.85pt 150.55pt 243.1pt 327.25pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">A.Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil percobaan yang dilakukan maka diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.Semua pereaksi pada kelarutan protein tidak dapat melarutkan protein kecuali HCL dan air , karena HCL merupakan suatu asam dimana protein bersifat amfoter dimana larut dalam asam dan sedikit larut dalam basa . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.Pada koagulasi proteinn , semua pereaksi bereaksi dengan albumin protein dengan baik yang mengalami gumpalan atau endapan yang sesuai dengan sifat protein . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.Protein yang direaksikan dengan ion-ion logam akan membentuk endapan atau gumpalan karena endapan yang terbentuk bersifat reversibel dimana endapan yang terjadi melarut kembali dalam waktu yang singkat . </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">B.Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Agar alat yang ada dilaboratorium dapat lebih dilengkapi lagi , sehingga praktikan dapat melaksanakan kegiatan dengan lancar . </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></i></b></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DitjenPOM, 1979. <i>Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-III</i>, Departemen Kesehatan RI:Jakarta </span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DitjenPOM, 1995. <i>Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi Ke-IV</i>, Departemen Kesehatan RI:Jakarta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sastrohamidjojo,Hardjono.<i>Kimia Organik.</i>Gadjah Mada University press : yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Poedjiadi, Anna. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-dasar Biokima.</i>UI-Press : Jakarta.</span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Raph J Fessenden .<i>Kimia Organik Edisi III.</i>Erlangga : Jakarta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="yiv801617797msonormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Murray, Robert K.,dkk.2009.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biokimia Harpe.</i>Edisi 27.EGC :Jakarta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 24.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-3664540675060106582011-10-15T11:01:00.000-07:002011-10-15T11:01:06.699-07:00laporan lengkap<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Puji syukur penulis penjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan laporan lengkap praktikum Kimia Analisis ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusunan laporan lengkap ini adalah merupakan salah satu tugas dan persyaratan untuk mengikuti ujian laboratorium praktikkum Kimia Analisis di Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Penyusunan laporan lengkap ini penulis merasa masih banyak kekurangan-kekurangan baik pada teknis penulisan maupun materi, mengingat akan kemampuan yang dimiliki penulis masih sangat terbatas. Untuk itu kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun dari semua pihak sangat penulis harapkan demi penyempurnaan penyusunan laporan lengkap ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akhirnya penulis berharap semoga Allah memberikan imbalan yang setimpal pada mereka yang telah memberikan bantuan, dan dapat menjadikan semua bantuan ini sebagai ibadah, Amiin Yaa Robbal ‘Alamiin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makassar, 19 Juni 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penulis</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">LEMBAR PENGESAHAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Laporan ini di buat sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mengikuti ujian praktikum Kimia Analisis pada tangga……… Juni 2011.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makassar, 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Koordinator Laboratorium</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
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</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RACHMAT KOSMAN, S. Si, M. Kes, Apt </span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM FARMAKOLOGI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS FARMASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" height="217" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="227" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: BAJIL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">STAMBUK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 150 2010 063</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELOMPOK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: I (SATU)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELAS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: L. 1</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS FARMASI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2011</span></b></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5312582357723252743.post-44862215629160854032011-10-15T11:00:00.005-07:002011-10-15T11:00:27.569-07:00kinetika reaksi<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kinetika reaksi menggambarkan suatu study secara kuantitatif tenang perubahan – perubahan kadar terhadap waktu oleh reaksi kimia. Kecepatan reaksi di tentukan oleh kecepatan terbentuknya zat hasil, dan kecepatan pengurangan reaktan. Tetapan kecepatan (K) adalah vaktor pembanding yang menunjukkan hubungan anntara kecepatan reaksi dengan konsentrasi reaktan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keberadaan rreaksi kimia ditentukan oleh tinjauan termodinamika dan kinetika. Termodinamika memberikan informasi kea rah mana reaksi/ perubahan kimia itu secara spontan dapat berlangsung, atau dengan kata lain kea rah manakah system kimia itu mempunyai kestabilan yang lebih besar. Sedangkan kinetika mempermasalahkan laju reaksi dan mekanisme reaksinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada percobaan ini, kita akan melakukan dua macam peercobaan yaitu mengamati pengaruh suhu terhadap kecepatab reaksi dan menentuka orded reaksi dan tetapan kecepatan reaksi. Informasi kinetika di gunakan untuk meramalkan secara rinci mekanisme suatu reaksi yaitu langkah-langkah yanhg di tempuh perealksi untuk menetukan hasil reaksi tertentu sesuai yang diinginkan. Disamping itu kinetika juga memberikan informasi untuk mengendalikan laju reaksi. Informasi semacam itu sangat berguna bagi para ahli sintesis senyawa kimia, sehingga hasil sintesanya memuaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah satu factor pada persamaan laju reaksi itu kecuali suhu., keadaan zat, katalisator dan kepekatan pereaksi adalah tingkat reaksi. Tingkat reaksi ini di tentukan dari hasil percobaan yang menyatakan hubungnan antara laju reaksi dengan kepekatan pereaksi tersebut masing-masing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun tujuan dilakukannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetukan orde reaksi dan tetapan kecepatan reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan factor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan reaksi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KAJIAN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">DASAR TEORI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kinetika menggambarkan suatu study secara kuantitatif tentang perubahan-perubahan kadar terhadap waktu oleh reaksi kimia. Kecepatan reaksi ditentukan oleh kecepatan terbentuknya zat hasil, dan kecepatan pengurangan reaktan. Tetapan kecepatan (K) adalah faktor pembanding yang menunjukkan hubungan antara kecepatan reaksi dengan konsentrasi reaktan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 208px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 61px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A + B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C + D</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 139px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 47px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="47" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mA + nB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>xC + yD</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maka kecepatan reaksinya adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V = </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="29" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="29" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="30" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= K [A]<sup>m</sup>[B]<sup>n</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana K adalah konstanta kecepatan reaksi, m dan n merupakan orde reaksi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(Anonim, 2011)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kinetika kimia merupakan cabang ilmu kimia yang mempelajari tetang proses yang berhubungan dengan kecepatan atau laju suatu reaksi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju reaksi. Dalam praktek suatu reaksi kimia dapat berlangsung dengan laju atau kecepatan yang berbeda-beda. Namun dalam kehidupan sehari-harisering dijumpai teaksi yang berlangsung lambat. Oleh karena itu dengan mempelajari kinetika kimia maka seluruh faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju suatu reaksin dapat dikendalikan sehingga lebih hemat dan efisien (Tim Dosen UNHAS, 2004).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian tentang laju reaksi adalah perubahan jumlah pereaksi dan hasil reaksi per satuan waktu. Karena reaksi berlangsung kearah pembentukan hasil, maka laju reaksi tak lain dari pengurangan jumlah pereaksi per satuan waktu, atau pertambahan jumlah hasil reaksinper satuan waktu. Dimensi untuk waktu umumnya digunakan menit atau detik, sedangkan satuan untuk jumlah pereaksi dan hasil reaksi adalah konsentrasi molar (Tim Dosen UNHAS, 2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju didefinisikan sebagai perubahan konsentrasi per satuan waktu. Satuan yang umum adalah mol dm<sup>-3-1</sup>. Umumnya laju reaksi meningkat dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi, dan dapat dinyatakan dengan:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laju = k f (C1, C2, … Ci)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimana k adalah konstanta laju, juga disebut konstanta laju spesifik atau konstanta kecepatan, C1,C2 … adaalah konsentrasi dari reaktan-reaktan dan produk-produk (Dogra, 1984).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan reaksi ialah: macam zat yang mengadakan reaksi, konstr/tekanan, temperature, adanya katalisator dan radiasi yaitu adanya sinar dengan panjang gelombang tertentu. Beberapa reaksi terjadi dengan sangat cepat misalnya penetralan larutan asam kuat dengan basa kuat. Tetapi ada pula reaksi yang berjalan sangat lambat, misalnya reaksi H<sub>2</sub> dan O<sub>2</sub> pada temperature kamar tanpa adanya katalisator. Beberapa reaksi berjalan sangat lambat pada temperature kamar, tetapi kecepatan reaksi ini akan bertambah dengan cepat pada kenaikan temperature (Respati, 1981).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orde reaksi menggambarkan bentuk matematik di mana hasil percobaan dapat dtunjukkan. Orde reaksi hanya dapat dihitunf secara eksperimen, dan hanya dapat diramalkan jika suatu mekanisme reaksi diketahui ke seluruh orde reaksi yang dapat ditentukan sebagai jumlah dari eksponen untuk masing-masing reaktan, sedangkan harga eksponen untuk masing-masing reaktan dikenal sebagai orde reaksi untuk komponen itu (Dogra, 1984).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu paruh (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">t</i><sub>1/2</sub>) suatu zat radioaktif merupakan waktu yang diperlukan oleh separuh dari bobot awal tertentu dari zat itu untuk berubah menjadi zat lain. Waktu-paruh ditentukan secara eksperimen dengan mencacah banyaknya pancaran dalam suatu kurun waktu yang sesuai, oleh sautu contoh radioaktif yang bobotnya diketahui. Unsure-unsur radioaktif tertentu mempunyai waktu-paruh yang amat pendek dan unsur-unsur lain yang waktu-paruhnya amat panjang (Keenan, 1986).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu paruh didefinisikan sebagai waktu yang dibutuhkan bila separuh konsentrasi dari suatu reaktan digunakan. Waktu paruh dapat ditentukan dengan tepat hanya jika satu jenis reaksn terlibat, tetapi jika suatu reaksi berlangsung antara jenis reaktan yang berbeda, waktu paruh harus ditentukan terhadap reaktan tertentu saja (Dogra, 1984).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi kimia adalah proses berubahnya pereaksi menjadi hasil<i> </i>reaksi. Proses itu ada yang lambat dan ada yang cepat.<i> </i>Contohnya bensin terbakar lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan minyak tanah. Ada reaksi yang berlangsung sangat cepat, seperti membakar dinamit yang menghasilkan ledakan, dan yang sangat lambat adalah seperti proses berkaratnya besi. Pembahasan tentang kecepatan (laju) reaksi disebut kinetika kimia. Dalam kinetika kimia ini dikemukakan cara menentukan laju reaksi dan faktor apa yang mempengaruhinya (Syukri,1999).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kinetika reaksi merupakan cabang ilmu kimia yang membahas tentang laju reaksi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Laju (kecepatan) reaksi dinyatakan sebagai perubahan konsentrasi pereaksi atau hasil reaksi terhadap satuan waktu. Laju rekasi suatu reaksi kimia dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan laju reaksi. Untuk reaksi berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A + B AB</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persamaan laju reaksi secara umum ditulis sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R = k [A]<sup>m </sup>[B]<sup>n</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K sebagai konstanta laju reaksi, m dan n orde parsial masing-masing pereaksi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Petrucci, 1987).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengetahuan tentang faktor yang mempengaruhi laju reaksi berguna dalam mengontrol kecepatan reaksi berlangsung cepat, seperti pembuatan amoniak dari nitrogen dan hidrogen, atau dalam pabrik menghasilkan zat tertentu. Akan tetapi kadangkala kita ingin memperlambat laju reaksi, seperti mengatasi berkaratnya besi, memperlambat pembusukan makanan oleh bakteri, dan sebagainya (Syukri, 1999).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besarnya laju reaksi dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Sifat dan ukuran pereaksi. Semakin reaktif dari sifat pereaksi laju reaksi akan semakin bertambah atau reaksi berlangsung semakin cepat. Semakin luas permukaan zat pereaksi laju reaksi akan semakin bertambah, hal ini dapat dijelaskan dengan semakin luas permukaan zat yang bereaksi maka daerah interaksi zat pereaksi semakin luas juga. Permukaan zat pereaksi dapat diperluas dengan memperkecil ukuran pereaksi. Jadi untuk meningkatkan laju reaksi, pada zat pereaksi dalam bentuk serbuk lebih baik bila dibandingkan dalam bentuk bongkahan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Petrucci, 1987)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Konsentrasi. Dari persamaan umum laju reaksi, besarnya laju reaksi sebanding dengan konsentrasi pereaksi. Jika natrium tiosulfat dicampur dengan asam kuat encer maka akan timbul endapan putih. Reaksi-reaksi yang terjadi adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="51" />Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2H<sup>+</sup> 2Na<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (cepat)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="51" />H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + S (lambat)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="51" />Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2H<sup>+</sup> 2Na<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>+ S</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi ini terdiri dari dua buah reaksi yang konsekutif (sambung menyambung). Pada reaksi demikian, reaksi yang berlangsung lambat menentukan laju reaksi keseluruhan. Dalam hal ini reaksi yang paling lambat ialah penguraian H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Petrucci, 1987)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berhasil atau gagalnya suatu proses komersial untuk menghasilkan suatu senyawa sering tergantung pada penggunaan katalis yang cocok. </span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selang suhu dan tekanan yang dapat digunakan dalam proses industri tidak mungkin berlangsung dalam reaksi biokimia. Tersedianya katalis yang cocok untuk reaksi-reaksi ini mutlak bagi makhluk hidup (Hiskia, 1992).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Suhu Reaksi. Hampir semua reaksi menjadi lebih cepat bila suhu dinaikkan karena kalor yang diberikan akan menambah energi kinetik partikel pereaksi. Akibatnya jumlah dan energi tumbukan bertambah besar. Pengaruh perubahan suhu terhadap laju reaksi secara kuantitatif dijelaskan dengan hukum Arrhenius yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan sebagi berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">k = Ae<sup>-Ea/RT</sup> atau ln k = -<u>Ea</u> + ln A</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RT</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan R = konstanta gas ideal, A = konstanta yang khas untuk reaksi (faktor frekuensi) dan Ea = energi aktivasi yang bersangkutan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Petrucci, 1987)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Katalis adalah zat yang ditambahkan ke dalam suatu reaksi untuk memepercepat jalannya reaksi. Katalis biasanya ikut bereaksi s</span><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ementara dan kemudian terbentuk kembali sebagai zat bebas. Suatu reaksi yang menggunakan katalis disebut reaksi katalis dan prosesnya disebut katalisme. Katalis suatu reaksi biasanya dituliskan diatas tanda panah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Petrucci, 1987)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span lang="DA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DA;">Orde reaksi berkaitan dengan pangkat dalam hukum laju reaksi, reaksi yang berlangsung dengan konstan, tidak bergantung pada konsentrasi pereaksi disebut orde reaksi nol. Reaksi orde pertama lebih sering menampakkan konsentrasi tunggal dalam hukum laju, dan konsentrasi tersebut berpangkat satu. Rumusan yang paling umum dari hukum laju reaksi orde dua adalah konsentrasi tunggal berpangkat dua atau dua konsentrasi masing-masing berpangkat satu. Salah satu metode penentuan orde reaksi memerlukan pengukuran laju reaksi awal dari sederet percobaan. Metode kedua membutuhkan pemetaan yang tepat dari fungsi konsentrasi pereaksi terhadap waktu. Untuk mendapatkan grafik garis lurus (Hiskia, 1992).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Uraian Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aquadest </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: H – O – H</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RE & BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: H<sub>2</sub>O / 18,02</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cairan jernih; tidak berwarna; tidak berbau; tidak mempunyai rasa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: AQUA DESTILLATA</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Air Suling</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Dalam wadah tertutup baik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Sebagai pelarut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Askorbat (DITJEN POM, 1979)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Resmi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: ACIDUM ASCORBICUM</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Lain<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Asam Askorbat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 24px; left: 0px; margin-left: 219px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Struktur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 68px; left: 0px; margin-left: 219px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 31px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="68" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="31" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H-C-OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 177.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 55px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 73px; z-index: 251671552;"><img height="55" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="73" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 227px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 23px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="23" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 273px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251672576;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=O</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 163.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumus Kimia<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 176,13</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemerian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Serbuk atau hablur, putih atau agak kuning, tidak berbau, rasa asam. Oleh pengaruh cahaya lambat laum menjadi gelap. Dalam keadaan kering, ,mantap diudara, dalam larutan cepat teroksidasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 141.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -127.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelarutan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Mudah larut dalam air, agak sukar larut dalam etanol (95%) P, praktis tidak larut dalam kloroform P, dalam eter P dan dalam benzen P.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -122.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyimpanan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Dalam wadah tertutup rapat, terlindung dari cahaya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kegunaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Sebagai sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; tab-stops: 173.65pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; tab-stops: 173.65pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PROSEDUR KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alat yang Dipakai</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat yang dipakai dalam praktikum kinetika reaksi adalah batang pengaduk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>botol semprot, cawan porselin, erlenmeyer 100 ml, kalkulator, kertas timbang, labu ukur 250 ml, labu ukur 500 ml, penangas air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pipet tetes, spektrofotometer,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>termometer, dan timbangan analitik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang Digunakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum kinetika reaksi adalah aquadest, alumunium foil, asam askorbat, es batu, kertas semi log dan tissue.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Langkah Percobaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan pengaruh suhu terhadap laju reaksi asam askorbat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di timbang 250 mg asam askorbat, di larutkan dalam 250 ml air<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>kemudian di ambil 50 ml lalu di masukkan dalam labu ukur 500 ml, kemudian di cukupkan volumenya menjadi 500 ml,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>kemudian di bagi menjadi 5 bagian, masing-masing di masukkan dalam Erlenmeyer berisi 100 ml. Erlenmeyer 1 di biarkan pada suhu kamar, (30<sup>o</sup>C), Erlenmeyer 2 di panaskan pada suhu 50<sup>o</sup>C, Erlenmeyer 3 pada suhu 70<sup>o</sup>C dan Erlenmeyer 4 ada suhu 90<sup>o</sup>C. Sedangklan untuk Erlenmeyer 5 di gunakan untuk menentukan orde dan tetapan laju reaksi dari asam askorbat. Setelah di panaskan selama 15 menit masukkan ke dalam air dingin (es batu)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>di hitung kadar asamaskorbat dengan spektro</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menentukan orde dan tetapan laju reaksi dari aasam askorbat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di siapkan Erlenmeyer 5 yang berisi larutan asam askorbat 100 ml<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, </b>di panaskan pada suhu 50<sup>0</sup>C dan di ukur suhunya pada menit ke 0 (pertama), menit ke 15, 30 dan menit ke 45.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">HASIL DAN PERHITUNGAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penentuan orde dan tetapan laju reaksi</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Waktu(menit)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>]</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Log [ ]</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 22px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 25px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="25" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[ ]</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,7505</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">21,69</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,33</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,046</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">15</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,4175</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">11,89</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,075</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,084</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,4245</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">12,10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,08</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,084</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">45</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,619</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">17,83</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,25</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,059</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-0,309</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-0,038</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.1pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,190</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Penentuan pengaruh suhu terhadap laju reaksi</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.4pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sampel</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Suhu (<sup>0</sup>C)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.4pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,378</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.4pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">50</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,3675</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.4pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">70</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,348</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.4pt;" valign="top" width="102"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">90</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,318</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Kurva baku untuk vitamin C</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsentrasi (ppm)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Absorban</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,167</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,341</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,6797</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">40</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1,3597</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PERHITUNGAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diketahui : y = bx + a</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a = 0,013</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b = 0,034</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">r = 0,999</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Y<sub>1</sub> = bx + a</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,7505 = 0,034x + 0,013</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = 0,013 – 0,7505</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = - 0,7375</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 148.45pt;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 112px; margin-top: 29px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 58px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="58" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X<sub>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,7375<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 21,63</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Y<sub>2</sub> = bx + a</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,4175 = 0,034 x + 0,013</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = 0,013<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- 0,4175</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = - 0,4045</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 113px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X<sub>2</sub> = 0,4045</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 11,89</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Y<sub>3</sub> = bx + a</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,4245 = 0,034 + 0,013</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = 0,013 – 0,4245</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x =- 0,4115</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 113px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="53" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,4115</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 12,10</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Y<sub>4</sub> = bx + a</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,619<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,034x + 0,013</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x = 0,013 – 0,619</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0,034x =- 0,606</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 113px; margin-top: 28px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 45px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="45" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,606</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 17,82</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kinetika menggambarkan suatu study secara kuantitatif tentang perubahan-perubahan kadar terhadap waktu oleh reaksi kimia. Kecepatan reaksi ditentukan oleh kecepatan terbentuknya zat hasil, dan kecepatan penguraian reaktan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi laju reaksi. Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temperatur, menyebabkan peningkatan energy kinetic, sehingga laju reaksi akan berubah jika suhunya naik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas permukaan, laju reaksi berbanding lurus ddengan luas permukaan sentuhan sehingga semakin luas permukaan, maka akan semakin cepat reaksinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Katalis, sebagai zat yang dapat mempercepat suatu reaksi, tetapi tidak memiliki perubahan kimia yang kekal dalam reaksi itu. Konsentrasi atau kepekatan, berbanding lurus dengan laju reaksi sehingga semakin besar konsentrasi larutan maka zat terlarut akan semakin banyak.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan kinetika reaksi, kita akan melakukan dua macam percobaan . Pertama menentukan orde dan tetapan laju reaksi dari asam askorbat , dan kedua pengaruh suhu terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laju reaksi asam askorbat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara kerja percobaan ini yang adalah, pertama di timbang 250 mg zat uji, di larutkan dalam 250 ml air. Kemudian di ambil 50 ml lalu di masukkan ke dalam labu ukur dan di cukupkan volumenya menjadi 500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ml. Kemudian 500 ml itu di bagi menjadi 5 bagian dan di masukkan dalam Erlenmeyer. Masing-masing 100 ml. Erlenmeyer 1 di biarkan pada suhu kamar (30<sup>0</sup>C) selama 15 menit lalu di masukkan dalam es batu kemudian di ukur menggunakan spektro. Hal yang sama juga di lakukan pada Erlenmeyer 2, 3 dan Erlenmeyer 4. Hanya saja pada suhu yang berbeda. Erlenmeyer 2 pada suhu 50<sup>0</sup>C, Erlenmeyer 3 pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C, dan Erlenmeyer 4 pada suhu 90<sup>0</sup>C. Erlenmeyer 5 di panaskan pada suhu 50<sup>0</sup>C dan di ukur suhunya pada menit pertama (0), 15, 30 dan menit ke 45. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penentuan orde reaksi, dimana terbagi atas orde reaksi nol, orde reaksi 1, dan orde reaksi 2. Reaksi dikatakan berorde nol terhadap salah satu pereaksinya apabila perubahan konsentrasi pereaksi tersebut tidak mempengaruhi laju reaksi. Dikatakan orde reaksi 1 apabila salah satu pereaksinya jika laju reaksi berbanding lurus dengan konsentrasi pereaksi itu. Dan, dikatakan orde reaksi 2 aoabila salah satu pereaksi jika laju reaksi merupakan pangkat 2 dari konsentrasi pereaksi itu.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laju reaksi rerata analog dengan kecepatan rerata mobil. Jika posisi rerata mobil dicatat pada dua waktu yang berbeda, maka :</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: kec_rerata" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="312" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dengan cara yang sama, laju reaksi rerata diperoleh dengan membagi perubahan konsentrasi reaktan atau produk dengan interval waktu terjadinya reaksi :</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: laju_reaksi_rerata" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" width="262" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jika konsentrasi diukur dalam mol L<sup>-1</sup> dan waktu dalam detik, maka laju reaksi mempunyai satuan mol L<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. Kita ambil contoh khusus. Dalam reaksi fasa gas</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: reaksi_fasa_gas" height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="163" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">NO<sub>2</sub> dan CO dikonsumsi pada saat pembentukan NO dan CO<sub>2</sub>. Jika sebuah kuar dapat mengukur konsentrasi NO, laju reaksi rerata dapat diperkirakan dari nisbah perubahan konsentrasi NO, ∆[NO] terhadap interval waktu, ∆t:</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: lajurerata" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" width="181" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jadi laju reaksi adalah besarnya perubahan konsentrasi reaktan atau produk dalam satu satuan waktu. Perubahan laju konsentrasi setiap unsur dibagi dengan koefisiennya dalam persamaan yang seimbang/stoikiometri. Laju perubahan reaktan muncul dengan tanda negatif dan laju perubahan produk dengan tanda positif.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Untuk reaksi yang umum:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">aA + bB → cC + dD</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Lajunya ialah</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: laju" height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" width="233" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hubungan ini benar selama tidak ada unsur antara atau jika konsentrasinya bergantung pada waktu di sepanjang waktu reaksi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menentukan Laju Reaksi : </span></em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perhatikan penguraian nitrogen dioksida, NO<sub>2</sub> menjadi nitrogen oksida, NO dan oksigen, O<sub>2</sub> : 2NO<sub>2</sub> → 2NO + O<sub>2</sub></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Tulislah pernyataan untuk laju rata-rata berkurangnya konsentrasi NO<sub>2</sub> dan laju rata-rata bertambahnya konsentrasi NO dan O<sub>2</sub>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Jika laju rata-rata berkurangnya konsentrasi NO<sub>2</sub> ditetapkan dan dijumpai sebesar 4×10<sub>-13</sub>mol L<sup>-1</sup>s<sub>-1</sub>, berapakah laju rata-rata padanannya (dari) bertambahnya konsentrasi NO dan O<sub>2</sub></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jawaban :</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Laju rata-rata berkurangnya konsentrasi NO<sub>2</sub> dinyatakan sebagai :</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: laju_no2" height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" width="71" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laju rata-rata bertambahnya konsentrasi NO dan O<sub>2</sub> dinyatakan sebagai:</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: laju_rata_rata" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.jpg" width="126" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Untuk tiap dua molekul NO<sub>2</sub> yang bereaksi terbentuk dua molekul NO. Jadi berkurangnya konsentrasi NO<sub>2</sub> dan bertambahnya konsentrasi NO berlangsung dengan laju yang sama</span></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: laju_sama" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" width="178" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam membahas reaksi kesetimbangan kimia telah ditekankan bahwa reaksi ke kanan maupun ke kiri dapat terjadi begitu produk terbentuk, produk ini dapat bereaksi kembali menghasilkan reaktan semula.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laju bersih ialah:</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Laju bersih = laju ke kanan – laju ke kiri </span></em><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dapat dikatakan, pengukuran konsentrasi memberikan laju bersih, bukannya sekedar laju ke kanan. Bagaimanapun, sesaat sebelum reaksi yang dimulai dari reaktan murni, konsentrasi reaktan jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan produknya sehingga laju ke kiri dapat diabaikan. Selain itu, banyak reaksi berlangsung sempurna (K>>1) sehingga laju yang terukur hanyalah reaksi ke kanan atau eksperimen dapat diatur agar produknya dapat dialihkan jika terbentuk. Dalam subbab ini, persamaan diberikan pada laju ke kanan saja.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Aplikasi kinetika reaksi dalam bidang farmasi contohnya dalam pembuatan obat. Dengan mempelajari kinetika reaksi maka kita dapat mengetahui laju reaksi obat terhadap kerja enzim.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">BAB V</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil percobaan di peroleh data bahwa pada suhu 30<sup>0</sup>C di peroleh hasil pengukuran dengan spektro ialah 0,378. Pada suhu 50<sup>0</sup>C di peroleh hasil 0,3675. Pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C di peroleh 0,348. Dan pada suhu 90<sup>0</sup>C di peroleh 0,318. Sedangkan pada percobaan penentuan orde reaksi dan tetapan laju reaksi di peroleh hasil bahwa pada menit pertama sebesar 0,7505 A, menit ke 15 adalah 0,4175 A, menit ke 30 sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,4245 A dan menit ke 45 adalah 0,619 A. Dari praktikum yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai dari orde yang diperoleh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orde 0 =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>21,09, 11,89, 12,10, dan 17,82.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orde 1 = 1,33, 1,675, 1,08, dan 1,25.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orde 2 = 0,046, 0,084, 0,082, dan 0,056.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari data tersebut dapat di simpulkan bahwa suhu berpengaruh terhadap hasil pengukuran. Semakin tinggi suhu semakin kecil hasilnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlalu banyak waktu yang terbuang untuk menunggu sampel yang di timbang. Sebaiknya sebelum masuk praktikum sampel sudah di persiapkan terlabih dahulu agar praktikum bisa berjalan tepat waktu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.7pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SKEMA KERJA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menentukan pengaruh suhu terhadap laju reaksi asam askorbat</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 1.2in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di timbang 250 mg asam askorbat</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251673600;"><span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; left: 228px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 12px;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 54.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 274.5pt;" valign="top" width="366"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251674624;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di larutkan dalam 250 ml air</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diambil 50 ml lalu di masukkan dalam labu ukur 500 ml</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 189.35pt; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 194px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251675648;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemudian di cukupkan 500 ml</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di bagi menjadi 5 bagian</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 201px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251676672;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di masukkan dalam Erlenmeyer masing-masing 100 ml</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer di panaskan masing-masing pada suhu 30<sup>o</sup>C, 50<sup>o</sup>C, 70<sup>0</sup>C, dan 90<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251677696;"><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; left: 254px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 12px;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 30px; left: 0px; margin-left: 208px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251678720;"><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dipanaskan selama 15 menit</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 31px; left: 0px; margin-left: 210px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251679744;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimasukkan dalam es batu</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di hitung kadarnya dengan spektro</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menentukan orde dan tetapan laju reaksi dari asam askorbat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 189px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251680768;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Siapkan Erlenmeyer berisi 100 ml asam askorbat</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 29px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251682816;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="12" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di panaskan pada suhu 50<sup>0</sup>C</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.9pt;" valign="top" width="457"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di ukur suhunya dapa menit ke 0 (pertama), menit ke 15, 30 dan menit ke 45</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2011. Penuntun Praktikum Farmasi Fisika I. Universitas Muslim Indonesi: Makassar </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ditjen POM. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia Edisi III. Departemen Kesehatan RI: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dogra, S. K.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1984. Kimia Fisika dan soal-soal. Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Respati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2001. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Kimia Untuk Universitas. Rineka Cipta: Yogyakarta </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tim Dosen Unha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2009. Kimia Dasar. Universitas Hasanuddin: Makassar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keenan, C. 1986. Ilmu Kimia Untuk Universitas Edisi VI. Erlangga: Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LABORATORIUM FARMASI FISIKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS FARMASI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LAPORAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KINETIKA REAKSI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: G:\1247750129UMI LOGO.jpg" height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.jpg" width="181" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DISUSUN OLEH:</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KELOMPOK IV</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Andi fauziah</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Andi khadijah Baharuddin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bajil<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Bahrum Nur Rifai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Murdianto Usi RL<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>M. Salahuddin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nurul Yakin Kadir<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rafsyannarullah Saere</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ragil Farda Aditya<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Zulkifli Saputra</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas : L.1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asisten : Ahmad Arianto</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM INDONESIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAKASSAR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2011</span></b></div>bajiLhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07130364316743361747noreply@blogger.com0